{
 "id": "era-kawila-1796-1900",
 "type": "era",
 "names": {
  "name": "1796–1900 — Kawila's rebuilding",
  "th": "2339–2443 — ยุคพระเจ้ากาวิละ",
  "said": "The city is re-peopled, the moat re-dug, and the first trees planted along a road.",
  "said_th": "เมืองถูกเติมคน คูถูกขุดแหม และต้นไม้แรกถูกปลูกเลียบถนน"
 },
 "region": [
  "city"
 ],
 "facets": {
  "era": "kawila",
  "order": 3
 },
 "text": {
  "what": "Kawila re-enters the empty city in 1796, restores the walls and gives the corners their bastions. Through the century Siam's hold tightens; the first teak bridge crosses the Ping about 1890; the yang-na trees go in along the Lamphun road, 1882 by one account; the Hang Dong road is built in 1899 with khi-lek trees for the Burma trade.",
  "story": "*Inference —* the century's road-building is all outside the moat and all radial: a bridge east, an avenue south, a trade road southwest. The square was left alone. That pattern held for another fifty years."
 },
 "text_th": {
  "what": "พระเจ้ากาวิละกลับเข้าเวียงร้างปี 2339 บูรณะกำแพงและทำแจ่งให้มุม ตลอดศตวรรษสยามกุมแน่นขึ้น ขัวไม้สักแรกข้ามแม่ปิงราวปี 2433 ต้นยางนาลงเลียบถนนลำพูน บันทึกหนึ่งว่าปี 2425 ถนนหางดงสร้างปี 2442 พร้อมต้นขี้เหล็กเพื่อการค้ากับพม่า",
  "story": "*อนุมาน —* การสร้างถนนของศตวรรษนี้อยู่นอกคูทั้งหมดและเป็นรัศมีทั้งหมด ขัวไปตะวันออก ถนนใหญ่ลงใต้ ทางค้าไปตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ สี่เหลี่ยมถูกปล่อยไว้ แบบแผนนี้อยู่ต่ออีกห้าสิบปี"
 },
 "kin": [
  {
   "to": "kawila",
   "as": "The ruler.",
   "rel": "person"
  },
  {
   "to": "ton-yang-road",
   "as": "The trees.",
   "rel": "road"
  },
  {
   "to": "nawarat-bridge",
   "as": "The first bridge.",
   "rel": "bridge"
  }
 ],
 "tags": [
  "heritage"
 ],
 "sources": [
  "s:wp-kawila",
  "s:thaipbs-308334",
  "s:cmu-thesis-2548",
  "s:thwp-nawarat"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:wp-kawila"
  },
  "fields": {
   "text_th": {
    "tier": "inference",
    "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
   },
   "text.story": {
    "tier": "inference"
   }
  }
 },
 "confidence": "medium",
 "schema": 1,
 "updated": "2026-09-21",
 "images": [
  {
   "file": "era-kawila-1796-1900/era-kawila-1796-1900-hoge-bomen-langs-weg-106-p1160022.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Hoge bomen langs weg 106 P1160022.jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Hoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P1160022.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P1160022.jpg",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
   "author": "FredTC",
   "credit": "Own work",
   "alt": "Het gedeelte van de Noord-Thaise weg 106 dat tussen Chiang Mai en Lamphun loopt, wordt ook wel de \"oude Chiang Mai - Lamphun weg\" genoemd. Het gedeelte daarvan dat in de provincie Chiang Mai ligt, hee",
   "date": "2013-02-24 15:11:41",
   "primary": true,
   "sha256": "f6165923a61ac8d423a3a1d7eec315fa5736afa02915058305e4f736d2cefb20"
  },
  {
   "file": "era-kawila-1796-1900/era-kawila-1796-1900-ku-huang-citadel-chiang-mai-02.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Ku Huang citadel Chiang Mai 02.JPG",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Ku_Huang_citadel_Chiang_Mai_02.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AKu_Huang_citadel_Chiang_Mai_02.JPG",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
   "author": "Takeaway",
   "credit": "Own work",
   "alt": "Ku Huang citadel: the south-west corner of the old city of Chiang Mai. Looking towards the east.",
   "date": "2010-05-06",
   "primary": false,
   "sha256": "0b5d8aaec8c05cc45551986bef2120ca1514e9121d687ad0557a5bf75cb8ee3c"
  },
  {
   "file": "era-kawila-1796-1900/era-kawila-1796-1900-pearl-of-asia-1892-p-339.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Pearl of Asia (1892, p 339).jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Pearl_of_Asia_%281892%2C_p_339%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APearl_of_Asia_%281892%2C_p_339%29.jpg",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain",
   "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author",
   "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file",
   "alt": "* Original caption: Native bullock carts & ox yokes.\nUploader's caption: Ra-thae (Thai: ระแทะ), a traditional vehicle of Thailand.",
   "date": "1892",
   "primary": false,
   "sha256": "d979fdd89aea00765fd764b70c2b80aa70466964b3ec846a70f325f3bc75c51c"
  }
 ],
 "kin_in": [
  {
   "from": "map-1893",
   "type": "map",
   "name": "The 1893 map for Inthawichayanon",
   "as": "Its era."
  },
  {
   "from": "map-pavie-1884",
   "type": "map",
   "name": "Pavie's itineraries, 1880–1884",
   "as": "Its era."
  },
  {
   "from": "kawila",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Kawila",
   "as": "His era."
  }
 ]
}