{ "count": 153, "nodes": [ { "id": "chang-klan-road", "type": "road", "names": { "name": "Chang Klan Road", "th": "ถนนช้างคลาน", "rtgs": "Thanon Chang Khlan", "said": "The night bazaar's road, on the line of the earthen wall's trading quarter.", "said_th": "ถนนของไนท์บาซาร์ บนแนวย่านค้าของกำแพงดิน" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "siam" }, "text": { "what": "South from the Tha Phae junction, between the old city and the river, through the quarter where British, Burmese, Indian, Yunnanese and Thai traders settled after the railway. The Night Bazaar runs along it from the head of Charoen Prathet Road; it began as a charity market on the Chong Fa school field and was at least thirty years old by 2015. The precise start year is not on this disk." }, "text_th": { "what": "ลงใต้จากแยกท่าแพ ระหว่างเวียงเก่ากับแม่น้ำ ผ่านย่านที่พ่อค้าอังกฤษ พม่า อินเดีย ยูนนาน และไทยมาตั้งหลักหลังรถไฟมา ไนท์บาซาร์เรียงตามถนนจากหัวถนนเจริญประเทศ เริ่มจากตลาดการกุศลบนสนามโรงเรียนช่องฟ้า และมีอายุอย่างน้อยสามสิบปีในปี 2558 ปีเริ่มที่แน่นอนบ่มีในแผ่นนี้" }, "road": { "from": "Tha Phae Road", "from_th": "ถนนท่าแพ", "to": "Chiang Mai Land", "to_th": "เชียงใหม่แลนด์", "osm_names": [ "ถนนช้างคลาน", "Chang Klan Road", "Chang Khlan Road" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.784, "lon": 98.9995, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "kamphaeng-din", "as": "The wall it runs inside.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "kamphaeng-din-road", "as": "Its neighbour.", "rel": "road" } ], "tags": [ "night", "market", "flood" ], "sources": [ "s:reviewcm-night-bazaar", "s:topcm-chang-klan", "s:thairath-2816966" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:reviewcm-night-bazaar" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "chang-klan-road/chang-klan-road-chiang-mai-night-bazaar1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai Night Bazaar1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Chiang_Mai_Night_Bazaar1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_Night_Bazaar1.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Rlevse", "credit": "personal collection", "alt": "Took-took (tuk-tuk) at the Chiang Mai night bazaar", "date": "2008-03-25", "primary": true, "sha256": "5813d10345f7646c0340fbb4a831b44fd9ba8c849429f31d20f4872a22778b0b" }, { "file": "chang-klan-road/chang-klan-road-chiangmai-nightbazaar-3.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiangmai Nightbazaar-3.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Chiangmai_Nightbazaar-3.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiangmai_Nightbazaar-3.JPG", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Rinto Jiang", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chiang Mai Night Bazaar (Chang Khlan Road)", "date": "2007-01-24", "primary": false, "sha256": "f6ae20a1fbe5aa7f6c0e4f6a74c9333485574b9a708a48f1f36c6352e66d9ee6" }, { "file": "chang-klan-road/chang-klan-road-dgj-3864-buy-buy-buy-3708439994.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:DGJ 3864 - Buy, Buy, Buy...... (3708439994).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/DGJ_3864_-_Buy%2C_Buy%2C_Buy......_%283708439994%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADGJ_3864_-_Buy%2C_Buy%2C_Buy......_%283708439994%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/", "author": "Dennis G. Jarvis", "credit": "DGJ_3864 - Buy, Buy, Buy......", "alt": "Walking back to the hotel we went along the Night Bazaar area on Chang Klan Road. Various shops and products from many places in Thailand. The Night Bazaar area has a variety of magnificent cultural s", "date": "2009-02-07 10:07", "primary": false, "sha256": "998ec2f5f76e14249a7a16669c0d8c20c5b35088258c95eeb9781b0eead67d65" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "kamphaeng-din-road", "type": "road", "name": "Kamphaeng Din Road", "as": "Its neighbour." } ] }, { "id": "chang-moi-road", "type": "road", "names": { "name": "Chang Moi Road", "th": "ถนนช้างม่อย", "rtgs": "Thanon Chang Moi", "said": "A gate was removed so this road could run straight to the river.", "said_th": "ปะตู๋ถูกฮื้อเปื้อหื้อถนนนี้ไปตรงเถิงแม่น้ำ" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "siam" }, "text": { "what": "From the northeast of the wall, beside Wichayanon Road, to the Ping. Between 1910 and 1915 the outer gate and earth bank were demolished and the inner wall pierced so that Ratchawithi Road inside the moat could continue straight along it. Assessed land value in 2016–19 was 180,000 baht a square wa, the fourth highest street in the city." }, "text_th": { "what": "จากด้านตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือของกำแพง ข้างถนนวิชยานนท์ ถึงแม่ปิง ระหว่างปี 2453–2458 ประตูชั้นนอกและคันดินถูกรื้อ และกำแพงชั้นในถูกเจาะ เพื่อให้ถนนราชวิถีในเวียงวิ่งตรงต่อมาได้ ราคาประเมินปี 2559–62 ตารางวาละ 180,000 บาท สูงเป็นอันดับสี่ของเมือง" }, "road": { "from": "Chang Moi junction", "from_th": "แยกช้างม่อย", "to": "Ping River", "to_th": "แม่น้ำปิง", "opened": "1910–15", "osm_names": [ "ถนนช้างม่อย", "Chang Moi Road" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.793, "lon": 99.0, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "chang-moi-gate", "as": "What was demolished for it.", "rel": "gate" }, { "to": "kat", "as": "Kad Luang is at its end.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "heritage", "market" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-chang-moi" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-chang-moi" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "chang-moi-road/chang-moi-road-chiang-mai-chang-moi-kao-road-0001.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai - Chang Moi Kao Road - 0001.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Chiang_Mai_-_Chang_Moi_Kao_Road_-_0001.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_-_Chang_Moi_Kao_Road_-_0001.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Stefan Fussan", "credit": "Own work - My images are also available on MyPortfolio", "alt": "Chang Moi Kao Road, Chiang Mai, Thailand", "date": "2014-05-23", "primary": true, "sha256": "3a345770c791d095b1930c497b0044a826bbfb9031b73933c8ece3142aa9869a" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "chang-moi-gate", "type": "gate", "name": "Chang Moi Gate", "as": "The road it was removed for." }, { "from": "map-1890", "type": "map", "name": "The 1890 city map", "as": "The road it dates." } ] }, { "id": "chotana-road", "type": "road", "names": { "name": "Chotana Road", "th": "ถนนโชตนา", "rtgs": "Thanon Chotana", "said": "Route 107 inside the city, named for a highway supervisor in 1950.", "said_th": "ทางหลวง 107 ช่วงในเมือง ตั้งชื่อตามนายช่างแขวงปี 2493" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "siam", "ref": "107" }, "text": { "what": "The city stretch of Route 107 from Chang Phueak Gate north through Khuang Sing to Mae Rim, named on 12 December 1950 after Tim Chotana. The 2024 count at km 9 gave 42,144 vehicles a day and 6,604 motorcycles." }, "text_th": { "what": "ทางหลวง 107 ช่วงในเมือง จากประตูช้างเผือกขึ้นเหนือผ่านข่วงสิงห์ถึงแม่ริม ตั้งชื่อ 12 ธันวาคม 2493 ตามนายทิม โชตนา จุดนับ กม.9 ปี 2567 ได้ 42,144 คันต่อวัน และจักรยานยนต์ 6,604" }, "road": { "ref": "107", "from": "Chang Phueak Gate", "from_th": "ประตูช้างเผือก", "to": "Mae Rim", "to_th": "แม่ริม", "opened": "named 1950-12-12", "osm_names": [ "ถนนโชตนา", "Chotana Road" ], "osm_refs": [ "107" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.81, "lon": 98.983, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "tim-chotana", "as": "Who it is named for.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "route-107", "as": "The whole road.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "khuang-sing-underpass", "as": "Goes under the Superhighway here.", "rel": "junction" } ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-107", "s:doh-aadt" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-107" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "chotana-road/chotana-road-chang-phueak-mueang-chiang-mai-district-chiang-mai-t-226d68f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chang Phueak, Mueang Chiang Mai District, Chiang Mai, Thailand - panoramio (3).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Chang_Phueak%2C_Mueang_Chiang_Mai_District%2C_Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChang_Phueak%2C_Mueang_Chiang_Mai_District%2C_Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "author": "Daibo Taku", "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161023182601/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/63301865", "alt": "Chang Phueak, Mueang Chiang Mai District, Chiang Mai, Thailand", "date": "Taken on 10 November 2011", "primary": true, "sha256": "b6b08a4a768c68fdfecf18735151b1d6e994ed14452887c0cfa16d499004c0c4" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "khuang-sing-underpass", "type": "junction", "name": "Khuang Sing underpass", "as": "Through it." }, { "from": "route-107", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 107, north to Fang", "as": "Its city name." } ] }, { "id": "huay-kaew-road", "type": "road", "names": { "name": "Huay Kaew Road", "th": "ถนนห้วยแก้ว", "rtgs": "Thanon Huai Kaeo", "said": "The road to the mountain, and the lower half of Route 1004.", "said_th": "ถนนไปดอย และครึ่งล่างของทางหลวง 1004" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "siam", "ref": "1004" }, "text": { "what": "From Hua Lin Corner northwest past Kad Suan Kaew, the university gate and the zoo to the foot of Doi Suthep, where it becomes the monk's road. The lower section of Route 1004, Huay Kaew to Phu Phing Palace, 19.4 km in all. The 2024 count at km 4 gave 11,564 vehicles a day plus 2,701 motorcycles." }, "text_th": { "what": "จากแจ่งหัวลินไปทางตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือ ผ่านกาดสวนแก้ว ประตูมหาวิทยาลัย และสวนสัตว์ ถึงตีนดอยสุเทพ ตี้มันกลายเป็นถนนครูบา ช่วงล่างของทางหลวง 1004 ห้วยแก้วถึงพระตำหนักภูพิงค์ รวม 19.4 กม. นับปี 2567 ที่ กม.4 ได้ 11,564 คันต่อวัน บวกจักรยานยนต์ 2,701" }, "road": { "ref": "1004", "km": 19.4, "km_source": "s:thwp-1004", "from": "Hua Lin Corner", "from_th": "แจ่งหัวลิน", "to": "Doi Suthep", "to_th": "ดอยสุเทพ", "osm_names": [ "ถนนห้วยแก้ว", "Huay Kaew Road", "Huai Kaeo Road" ], "osm_refs": [ "1004" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.8015, "lon": 98.966, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "si-wichai-road", "as": "What it becomes at the foot of the mountain.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "hua-lin-corner", "as": "Where it starts.", "rel": "gate" }, { "to": "kat", "as": "Kad Suan Kaew is on it.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "university" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-1004", "s:doh-aadt" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-1004" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "huay-kaew-road/huay-kaew-road-kad-suan-kaew-shopping-centre-huay-kaew-road-chiang-bb40018.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Kad Suan Kaew Shopping Centre, Huay Kaew Road, Chiang Mai (6967844064).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Kad_Suan_Kaew_Shopping_Centre%2C_Huay_Kaew_Road%2C_Chiang_Mai_%286967844064%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AKad_Suan_Kaew_Shopping_Centre%2C_Huay_Kaew_Road%2C_Chiang_Mai_%286967844064%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "David McKelvey from Brisbane, Australia", "credit": "Kad Suan Kaew Shopping Centre, Huay Kaew Road, Chiang Mai", "alt": "<a href=\"http://www.lonelyplanet.com/thailand/chiang-mai-province/chiang-mai/shopping/shopping-centre/kad-suan-kaew-shopping-centre\" rel=\"noreferrer nofollow\">Kad Suan Kaew</a> offers ret", "date": "2012-03-11 13:05", "primary": true, "sha256": "d45c2621151781c40c8b08eab3fef939f13b9b4a88366fc892ce8ba94dea6c78" }, { "file": "huay-kaew-road/huay-kaew-road-school-run-of-thailand.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:School Run of Thailand.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/School_Run_of_Thailand.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASchool_Run_of_Thailand.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "John Wigham", "credit": "originally posted to Flickr as School Run", "alt": "Huay Kaew Road, Chiang Mai, Thailand.", "date": "2007-02-23 06:42:05", "primary": false, "sha256": "fe287ccb2b0b79afce29c3110ae9036b4580d118e31a13885f7fe3599d19add4" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "si-wichai-road", "type": "road", "name": "Si Wichai Road, the road up Doi Suthep", "as": "What leads to it." }, { "from": "rincome-junction", "type": "junction", "name": "Rincome junction", "as": "Its western arm." }, { "from": "kat", "type": "word", "name": "กาด kat", "as": "Kad Suan Kaew is on it." } ] }, { "id": "kamphaeng-din-road", "type": "road", "names": { "name": "Kamphaeng Din Road", "th": "ถนนกำแพงดิน", "rtgs": "Thanon Kamphaeng Din", "said": "A road on the line of a wall, beside the bazaar, with a past.", "said_th": "ถนนบนแนวกำแพง ข้างบาซาร์ มีอดีต" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "siam" }, "text": { "what": "Runs on the line of the earthen outer wall between Loi Kroh and the Night Bazaar; a stretch of the rampart survives beside it. Historically the city's red-light quarter, the ban sao, which the road's reputation still carries." }, "text_th": { "what": "วิ่งบนแนวกำแพงดินชั้นนอกระหว่างลอยเคราะห์กับไนท์บาซาร์ มีคันดินเหลืออยู่ข้าง ๆ ช่วงหนึ่ง เคยเป็นย่านบ้านสาวของเมือง ซึ่งชื่อเสียงของถนนยังติดอยู่" }, "road": { "osm_names": [ "ถนนกำแพงดิน", "Kamphaeng Din Road", "Kampangdin Road" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.785, "lon": 98.9985, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "kamphaeng-din", "as": "The wall.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "chang-klan-road", "as": "Its neighbour.", "rel": "road" } ], "tags": [ "heritage", "night" ], "sources": [ "s:sumup-kamphaeng-din", "s:onep-277" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:sumup-kamphaeng-din" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "kamphaeng-din-road/kamphaeng-din-road-chiangmai-nightbazaar-3.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiangmai Nightbazaar-3.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Chiangmai_Nightbazaar-3.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiangmai_Nightbazaar-3.JPG", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Rinto Jiang", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chiang Mai Night Bazaar (Chang Khlan Road)", "date": "2007-01-24", "primary": true, "sha256": "f6ae20a1fbe5aa7f6c0e4f6a74c9333485574b9a708a48f1f36c6352e66d9ee6" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "chang-klan-road", "type": "road", "name": "Chang Klan Road", "as": "Its neighbour." }, { "from": "kamphaeng-din", "type": "place", "name": "Kamphaeng Din, the earthen wall", "as": "The road on its line." } ] }, { "id": "mahidol-road", "type": "road", "names": { "name": "Mahidol Road", "th": "ถนนมหิดล", "rtgs": "Thanon Mahidon", "aliases": [ "Route 1141" ], "said": "The busiest count in the province: 121,403 vehicles a day at km 7, and 26,366 motorcycles on top.", "said_th": "จุดนับตี้รถนักสุดในจังหวัด วันละ 121,403 คันที่ กม.7 บวกมอเตอร์ไซค์อีก 26,366" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "superhighway", "ref": "1141", "km": 7.565, "lanes": "6" }, "text": { "what": "Route 1141, 7.565 km, Don Chan on the Superhighway west past Nong Hoi, over the railway and the Ping, past the airport junction to Suan Prung. Surveyed 1970, built 1972 as a two-lane bypass fixed in the comprehensive plan of the day, widened to six lanes in 1998–2001. The southern arc of the first ring. The 2025 count at km 7 read 121,403 four-wheeled vehicles a day and 26,366 motorcycles.", "story": "*Inference —* the whole of it went under water in October 2024. The busiest road in the north sits on the floodplain the city's founders avoided." }, "text_th": { "what": "ทางหลวง 1141 ยาว 7.565 กม. จากดอนจั่นบนซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ไปตะวันตกผ่านหนองหอย ข้ามทางรถไฟและแม่ปิง ผ่านแยกสนามบินถึงสวนปรุง สำรวจ 2513 สร้าง 2515 เป็นทางเลี่ยงสองเลนตามผังเมืองสมัยนั้น ขยายหกเลน 2541–44 ส่วนโค้งด้านใต้ของวงแหวนรอบแรก จุดนับ กม.7 ปี 2568 อ่านได้ 121,403 คันสี่ล้อต่อวัน และจักรยานยนต์ 26,366", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ทั้งสายจมน้ำตุลาคม 2567 ถนนที่รถนักสุดของภาคเหนืออยู่บนที่ราบน้ำท่วมที่ผู้สร้างเมืองหลบ" }, "road": { "ref": "1141", "km": 7.565, "km_source": "s:thwp-mahidol", "lanes": "6", "from": "Don Chan", "from_th": "ดอนจั่น", "to": "Suan Prung", "to_th": "สวนปรุง", "opened": "1972", "widened": "1998–2001", "osm_names": [ "ถนนมหิดล", "Mahidol Road" ], "osm_refs": [ "1141" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.77, "lon": 98.99, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-1", "as": "Its southern arc.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "aadt-busiest", "as": "The count.", "rel": "traffic" }, { "to": "airport-junction", "as": "On it.", "rel": "junction" }, { "to": "nong-hoi-junction", "as": "On it.", "rel": "junction" } ], "tags": [ "airport", "flood" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-mahidol", "s:cmu-thesis-2548", "s:doh-aadt", "s:lanner-flood" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-mahidol" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "mahidol-road/mahidol-road-chiang-mai-airport-runway-aerial-view.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai Airport runway aerial view.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Chiang_Mai_Airport_runway_aerial_view.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_Airport_runway_aerial_view.JPG", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Adbar", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Aerial view of Chiang Mai International Airport's runways and of the southern part of the city. Picture taken from Doi Suthep temple.", "date": "2013-04-28 16:20:01", "primary": true, "sha256": "83b3491fa911b4207b17836ec1693f230482e9b93da565c66e4c6d87e715b27a" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ring-1", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 1, the Superhighway ring", "as": "South." }, { "from": "airport-junction", "type": "junction", "name": "Airport junction", "as": "On it." }, { "from": "nong-hoi-junction", "type": "junction", "name": "Nong Hoi junction", "as": "On it." }, { "from": "era-superhighway-1969", "type": "era", "name": "1960s–70s — the Superhighway", "as": "The southern arc." }, { "from": "aadt-busiest", "type": "traffic", "name": "The busiest count in the province", "as": "The road." }, { "from": "airport-passengers", "type": "traffic", "name": "The airport, by passengers", "as": "The way out." }, { "from": "the-day-the-river-came-up-tha-phae", "type": "story", "name": "The day the river came up Tha Phae", "as": "Under water." }, { "from": "chiang-mai-airport", "type": "place", "name": "Chiang Mai Airport", "as": "Threaded past it." } ] }, { "id": "nimmanhaemin-road", "type": "road", "names": { "name": "Nimmanhaemin Road", "th": "ถนนนิมมานเหมินท์", "rtgs": "Thanon Nimmanhemin", "aliases": [ "Nimman" ], "said": "1.327 km, given away in 1963, and the most expensive strip of ground in the north.", "said_th": "1.327 กิโล หื้อไปปี 2506 และเป็นแถบดินแพงสุดของภาคเหนือ" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "superhighway", "km": 1.327 }, "text": { "what": "1.327 km between Huay Kaew and Suthep roads, on the edge of the land Ki and Kim Ho Nimmanhaemin gave for the university in 1963. It was later absorbed into Route 11 as the western arc of the first ring, and handed back to the municipality in June 2022. Commercial from about 1987; the Soi 1 festival began 1999; assessed land value in 2019 was 180,000 baht a square wa, about 72 million baht a rai.", "story": "*Inference —* it is a road named for a gift and priced like a mine. The sois off it are numbered 1 to 17 and each is a small economy; the lane page counts them." }, "text_th": { "what": "1.327 กม. ระหว่างถนนห้วยแก้วกับถนนสุเทพ บนขอบที่ดินที่กี กับ กิมฮ้อ นิมมานเหมินท์ มอบให้มหาวิทยาลัยปี 2506 ต่อมาถูกรวมเป็นส่วนของทางหลวง 11 เป็นส่วนโค้งตะวันตกของวงแหวนรอบแรก และคืนให้เทศบาลมิถุนายน 2565 เป็นย่านค้าตั้งแต่ราวปี 2530 เทศกาลซอย 1 เริ่ม 2542 ราคาประเมินปี 2562 ตารางวาละ 180,000 บาท ราวไร่ละ 72 ล้าน", "story": "*อนุมาน —* เป็นถนนที่ตั้งชื่อตามของขวัญ และราคาเหมือนเหมือง ซอยที่แยกออกไปมีเลข 1 ถึง 17 และแต่ละซอยคือเศรษฐกิจย่อม ๆ หน้าฮ่อมนับไว้" }, "road": { "km": 1.327, "km_source": "s:thwp-nimman", "from": "Huay Kaew Road", "from_th": "ถนนห้วยแก้ว", "to": "Suthep Road", "to_th": "ถนนสุเทพ", "opened": "1963–64", "osm_names": [ "ถนนนิมมานเหมินท์", "Nimmanhaemin Road", "Nimmanhemin Road", "Nimmanahaeminda Road" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7975, "lon": 98.9675, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "nimmanhaemin-family", "as": "Who gave the land.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "ring-1", "as": "Its western arc.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "nimman-sois", "as": "The seventeen cuts off it.", "rel": "lane" }, { "to": "rincome-junction", "as": "Its northern end.", "rel": "junction" } ], "tags": [ "university", "night", "market" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-nimman", "s:becommon-nimman", "s:thaipbs-324599" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-nimman" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "nimmanhaemin-road/nimmanhaemin-road-nimmanhaeminda-road-2025.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Nimmanhaeminda Road 2025.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Nimmanhaeminda_Road_2025.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ANimmanhaeminda_Road_2025.jpg", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "author": "Setawut", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Nimmanheminda Road", "date": "2025-12-21", "primary": true, "sha256": "636e20ad64a0d679c3a8f78182091fb4f96388b846559cada3685e411db407c2" }, { "file": "nimmanhaemin-road/nimmanhaemin-road-nimmanhaeminda-road-sign.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Nimmanhaeminda Road Sign.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Nimmanhaeminda_Road_Sign.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ANimmanhaeminda_Road_Sign.jpg", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "author": "Setawut", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Nimmanhaeminda Road Sign", "date": "2025-12-21", "primary": false, "sha256": "037739f925ebf65a9e2c827642ff6de5fe7547b6d47f8384d0275531ecb0dbf8" }, { "file": "nimmanhaemin-road/nimmanhaemin-road-1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ถนนนิมมานเหมินท์ อ.เมือง จ.เชียงใหม่ (1).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD.%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%88.%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88_%281%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD.%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%88.%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88_%281%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "กสิณธร ราชโอรส", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "ถนนนิมมานเหมินท์ อ.เมือง จ.เชียงใหม่ (1).jpg", "date": "2023-04-02 14:03:10", "primary": false, "sha256": "1a5402e419d3896a32ba55aef3f99a87398d5ff97bc38f5ed538cc5961a8ef10" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "suthep-road", "type": "road", "name": "Suthep Road", "as": "Ends on it." }, { "from": "ring-1", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 1, the Superhighway ring", "as": "West." }, { "from": "nimman-sois", "type": "lane", "name": "The Nimman sois", "as": "The road." }, { "from": "rincome-junction", "type": "junction", "name": "Rincome junction", "as": "Its southern arm." }, { "from": "nimmanhaemin-family", "type": "person", "name": "The Nimmanhaemin family", "as": "The road." }, { "from": "chiang-mai-university", "type": "place", "name": "Chiang Mai University", "as": "The road it produced." } ] }, { "id": "ratchadamnoen-road", "type": "road", "names": { "name": "Ratchadamnoen Road", "th": "ถนนราชดำเนิน", "rtgs": "Thanon Ratchadamnoen", "said": "Gate to temple, 1.5 km, and one-way since 2021 so people can walk it.", "said_th": "ปะตู๋เถิงวัด 1.5 กิโล และทางเดียวตั้งแต่ 2564 เปื้อหื้อคนเตียวได้" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "facets": { "era": "mangrai", "km": 1.5, "oneway": true }, "text": { "what": "The old city's spine, from Tha Phae Gate west to Wat Phra Singh, about 1.5 km. The Sunday walking street moved here on 31 August 2004 from Tha Phae Road. From 6 May 2021 the municipality made it one-way as part of a walkable-district pilot.", "story": "*Inference —* it is the founding axis of 1296, and it has been a road for pedestrians one day a week since 2004 and a one-way road every day since 2021. Inside the moat, the old streets are being handed back to feet in stages." }, "text_th": { "what": "กระดูกสันหลังของเวียงเก่า จากประตูท่าแพไปตะวันตกถึงวัดพระสิงห์ ราว 1.5 กม. ถนนคนเดินวันอาทิตย์ย้ายมาที่นี่ 31 สิงหาคม 2547 จากถนนท่าแพ ตั้งแต่ 6 พฤษภาคม 2564 เทศบาลทำเป็นทางเดียวในโครงการนำร่องเตียว-หย้อง-เมืองเจียงใหม่", "story": "*อนุมาน —* มันคือแกนตั้งเมืองปี 1839 และเป็นถนนของคนเดินสัปดาห์ละวันตั้งแต่ 2547 กับทางเดียวทุกวันตั้งแต่ 2564 ในเวียง ถนนเก่ากำลังถูกคืนให้เท้าทีละขั้น" }, "road": { "km": 1.5, "km_source": "s:cmcity-8198", "oneway": true, "from": "Tha Phae Gate", "from_th": "ประตูท่าแพ", "to": "Wat Phra Singh", "to_th": "วัดพระสิงห์", "osm_names": [ "ถนนราชดำเนิน", "Ratchadamnoen Road", "Rachadamnoen Road" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.788, "lon": 98.988, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "sunday-walking-street", "as": "Sundays.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "tha-phae-gate", "as": "Its east end.", "rel": "gate" }, { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "The other one-way system.", "rel": "ring" } ], "tags": [ "walk", "one-way", "heritage", "market" ], "sources": [ "s:cmcity-8198", "s:cmnews-1651264" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:cmcity-8198" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "ratchadamnoen-road/ratchadamnoen-road-chiangmainightmarket.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ChiangMaiNightMarket.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/ChiangMaiNightMarket.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiangMaiNightMarket.JPG", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Niels Elgaard Larsen - User: (WT-shared) Elgaard at wts wikivoyage", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Sunday Walking Market, Ratchadamnoen Road, Chiang Mai, Thailand.", "date": "12 April 2012 (original upload date)", "primary": true, "sha256": "6778fd9b0892c6f0211591d5d252a339c1696ef8ecfd806a39ca367173930948" }, { "file": "ratchadamnoen-road/ratchadamnoen-road-chiang-mai-sunday-evening-walking-street.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai sunday evening walking street.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Chiang_Mai_sunday_evening_walking_street.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_sunday_evening_walking_street.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Takeaway", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "The Sunday evening walking street is a market which is held in Chiang Mai on Rachadamnoen road, the main road through the old city which leads from Tapae gate to Wat Phra Singh, and its side streets. ", "date": "2010-02-28", "primary": false, "sha256": "06448d35c917606dbb148fa321d263c511aab206209be7da53db01742bbbc26e" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "sunday-walking-street", "type": "story", "name": "The walking street, and how a road becomes a floor", "as": "The road." }, { "from": "why-the-moat-runs-one-way", "type": "story", "name": "Why the moat runs one way", "as": "The inside one-way." } ] }, { "id": "si-wichai-road", "type": "road", "names": { "name": "Si Wichai Road, the road up Doi Suthep", "th": "ถนนศรีวิชัย", "rtgs": "Thanon Si Wichai", "aliases": [ "Doi Suthep road", "ถนนขึ้นดอยสุเทพ" ], "said": "Five months and twenty-two days, 11.53 km, no machine.", "said_th": "ห้าเดือนยี่สิบสองวัน 11.53 กิโล บ่มีเครื่องจักร" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "era": "srivichai", "ref": "1004", "km": 11.53 }, "text": { "what": "The upper half of Route 1004, from the Kruba Srivichai monument at the foot of the mountain to Wat Phra That Doi Suthep. Ground broken 9 November 1934 with Chao Kaew Nawarat cutting the first sod; open to vehicles 30 April 1935; 11.53 km of earth and laterite by volunteers.", "story": "*Inference —* the red trucks that carry visitors up it are the road's economy, and the curves are the reason the bikes on the Mae Hong Son loop rehearse here. It is in the highway department's 2025–27 programme for improvement, which means its surface, not its line." }, "text_th": { "what": "ครึ่งบนของทางหลวง 1004 จากอนุสาวรีย์ครูบาศรีวิชัยตีนดอยถึงวัดพระธาตุดอยสุเทพ เริ่มขุด 9 พฤศจิกายน 2477 เจ้าแก้วนวรัฐจกจอบแรก เปิดให้รถ 30 เมษายน 2478 ดินและลูกรัง 11.53 กม. ด้วยแรงศรัทธา", "story": "*อนุมาน —* รถแดงที่พาคนขึ้นคือเศรษฐกิจของถนนสายนี้ และโค้งคือเหตุที่มอเตอร์ไซค์ที่จะไปวงรอบแม่ฮ่องสอนมาซ้อมตรงนี้ มันอยู่ในแผนกรมทางหลวง 2568–70 เพื่อปรับปรุง ซึ่งหมายถึงผิวทาง ไม่ใช่แนว" }, "road": { "ref": "1004", "km": 11.53, "km_source": "s:thwp-si-wichai", "from": "Kruba Srivichai monument", "from_th": "อนุสาวรีย์ครูบาศรีวิชัย", "to": "Wat Phra That Doi Suthep", "to_th": "วัดพระธาตุดอยสุเทพ", "opened": "1935-04-30", "osm_names": [ "ถนนศรีวิชัย", "Si Wichai Road", "Srivichai Road" ], "osm_refs": [ "1004" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.81, "lon": 98.935, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "kruba-srivichai", "as": "Who built it.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "huay-kaew-road", "as": "What leads to it.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "doi-suthep", "as": "The mountain.", "rel": "place" } ], "tags": [ "heritage", "wat", "motorbike" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-si-wichai", "s:citylife-elephant", "s:prd-cm-369046" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-si-wichai" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "si-wichai-road/si-wichai-road-20171106-road-below-wat-phrathat-doi-suthep-monaster-2049445.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:20171106 Road below Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep monastery 0058 DxO.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/20171106_Road_below_Wat_Phrathat_Doi_Suthep_monastery_0058_DxO.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A20171106_Road_below_Wat_Phrathat_Doi_Suthep_monastery_0058_DxO.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Jakub Hałun", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "A road below Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep monastery in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park", "date": "2017-11-06 10:19:03", "primary": true, "sha256": "17e18e84aaada2e97b99aa50bb5275008a780d71518effa4f35487b507610ac6" }, { "file": "si-wichai-road/si-wichai-road-anusawwaree-khrubasriwichai.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:AnuSawwaree Khrubasriwichai.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/AnuSawwaree_Khrubasriwichai.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AAnuSawwaree_Khrubasriwichai.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Kimtuy", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "อนุสาวรีย์ครูบาศรีวิชัย สร้างขึ้น ณ จุดที่ขุดถนนจอบแรก เพื่อเป็นอนุสรน์สถานรำลึกถึงคุณของครูบาเจ้าศรีวิชัยในการนำกลุ่มชาวบ้าน ชาวเขา สร้างถนนขึ้นพระธาตุดอยสุเทพ", "date": "2021-05-04", "primary": false, "sha256": "9259ab69a6f4cc226a7e56af8da0e9cf56cd49d1ee50ca4816f4be6716632611" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "huay-kaew-road", "type": "road", "name": "Huay Kaew Road", "as": "What it becomes at the foot of the mountain." }, { "from": "nine-roads-programme", "type": "plan", "name": "The nine roads, 2025–27", "as": "On the list." }, { "from": "era-monks-road-1935", "type": "era", "name": "1935 — the monk's road", "as": "The road." }, { "from": "map-railways-1934", "type": "map", "name": "The Royal State Railways map, 1934", "as": "What he built that year." }, { "from": "the-monk-who-built-a-road", "type": "story", "name": "The monk who built a road in five months", "as": "The road." }, { "from": "chao-kaew-nawarat", "type": "person", "name": "Chao Kaew Nawarat", "as": "He broke its ground." }, { "from": "kruba-srivichai", "type": "person", "name": "Kruba Srivichai", "as": "The road." }, { "from": "doi-suthep", "type": "place", "name": "Doi Suthep", "as": "The road up it." } ] }, { "id": "suthep-road", "type": "road", "names": { "name": "Suthep Road", "th": "ถนนสุเทพ", "rtgs": "Thanon Suthep", "said": "West from Suan Dok Gate, past the hospital, to the university's back gate.", "said_th": "ตกจากปะตู๋สวนดอก ผ่านโฮงยา เถิงปะตู๋หลังมหาวิทยาลัย" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "siam" }, "text": { "what": "From Suan Dok Gate west past Wat Suan Dok and the Maharaj hospital to the university and the canal road. A count of it is not in the highway data because it is a municipal street; a public-domain photograph of its traffic is the one this record carries." }, "text_th": { "what": "จากประตูสวนดอกไปตะวันตก ผ่านวัดสวนดอกและโรงพยาบาลมหาราชถึงมหาวิทยาลัยและถนนคลองชลประทาน ไม่มีจุดนับในข้อมูลกรมทางหลวงเพราะเป็นถนนเทศบาล รูปสาธารณสมบัติของรถบนถนนนี้คือรูปที่บันทึกนี้ถือ" }, "road": { "from": "Suan Dok Gate", "from_th": "ประตูสวนดอก", "to": "Canal Road", "to_th": "ถนนคลองชลประทาน", "osm_names": [ "ถนนสุเทพ", "Suthep Road" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7885, "lon": 98.97, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "suan-dok-gate", "as": "Its head.", "rel": "gate" }, { "to": "nimmanhaemin-road", "as": "Ends on it.", "rel": "road" } ], "tags": [ "university", "wat" ], "sources": [ "s:wp-chiang-mai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:wp-chiang-mai" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "low", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "suthep-road/suthep-road-chiangmai-traffic.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiangmai traffic.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Chiangmai_traffic.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiangmai_traffic.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Love Krittaya", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Traffic on Suthep road in Chiang Mai, Thailand", "date": "2007-09-01 16:49:13", "primary": true, "sha256": "5fbf69e62a455681c1dcf830394d033656871f89c69883d3ef4c03371c0ac5a6" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "suan-dok-gate", "type": "gate", "name": "Suan Dok Gate", "as": "Leaves from here." } ] }, { "id": "tha-phae-road", "type": "road", "names": { "name": "Tha Phae Road", "th": "ถนนท่าแพ", "rtgs": "Thanon Tha Phae", "said": "One kilometre from the river to the gate, on the line the founders drew.", "said_th": "หนึ่งกิโลจากแม่น้ำเถิงปะตู๋ บนเส้นตี้คนสร้างเมืองขีดไว้" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "mangrai", "km": 1.0 }, "text": { "what": "From the Nawarat Bridge past Wat Upakut to Tha Phae Gate, about a kilometre, on the east–west axis laid out at the founding. The land outside the gate was Ban Chiang Rueak, a trading village.", "story": "Photographs of 1877 show raft-style wooden houses along it; by 2001 one was left. In 1889–90 Chinese merchants from the east bank put up masonry shophouses; the railway's arrival in 1921 made it the commercial street, and most of the surviving heritage houses date from then. After 1962 came commercial blocks of every height. The cables went underground in 2004, which is when the walking street moved off it to Ratchadamnoen.\n\nIn October 2024 the Ping came over the bank and the road flooded from the bridge to the Krung Thai bank.\n\n*Inference —* Tha Phae is the one street in the city whose whole biography is on record, and it reads as a list of things arriving from the east: the river trade, the Chinese, the train, the water." }, "text_th": { "what": "จากสะพานนวรัฐผ่านวัดอุปคุตถึงประตูท่าแพ ราวหนึ่งกิโลเมตร บนแกนตะวันออก–ตะวันตกที่วางไว้ตอนสร้างเมือง ที่ดินหน้าประตูคือบ้านเชียงเรือก หมู่บ้านค้าขาย", "story": "รูปถ่ายปี 2420 เห็นเฮือนแปไม้แบบแพเรียงอยู่ ถึงปี 2544 เหลือหลังเดียว ปี 2432–33 พ่อค้าจีนจากฝั่งตะวันออกสร้างบ้านตึก รถไฟมาถึงปี 2464 ทำให้เป็นถนนการค้า และเฮือนเก่าที่เหลือส่วนใหญ่มาจากยุคนั้น หลังปี 2505 มีตึกพาณิชย์ทุกความสูง สายไฟลงดินปี 2547 ซึ่งเป็นตอนที่ถนนคนเดินย้ายไปราชดำเนิน\n\nตุลาคม 2567 น้ำปิงล้นตลิ่งและถนนจมจากสะพานถึงธนาคารกรุงไทย\n\n*อนุมาน —* ท่าแพเป็นถนนสายเดียวในเมืองที่ประวัติทั้งชีวิตอยู่ในบันทึก และมันอ่านเหมือนรายการของสิ่งที่มาจากทิศตะวันออก การค้าทางน้ำ คนจีน รถไฟ น้ำ" }, "road": { "km": 1.0, "km_source": "s:thwp-tha-phae-road", "from": "Nawarat Bridge", "from_th": "สะพานนวรัฐ", "to": "Tha Phae Gate", "to_th": "ประตูท่าแพ", "osm_names": [ "ถนนท่าแพ", "Tha Phae Road", "Thapae Road" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7875, "lon": 98.9985, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "tha-phae-gate", "as": "Its head.", "rel": "gate" }, { "to": "nawarat-bridge", "as": "Its foot.", "rel": "bridge" }, { "to": "chiang-mai-station", "as": "What made it the commercial street.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "sunday-walking-street", "as": "Began here in 2002.", "rel": "story" } ], "tags": [ "heritage", "flood", "market" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-tha-phae-road", "s:cmcity-8198", "s:bkkbiz-1147937" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-tha-phae-road" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "tha-phae-road/tha-phae-road-chiang-mai-city-streets.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai City Streets.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Chiang_Mai_City_Streets.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_City_Streets.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/", "author": "Caspar", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "View of Tapae Road with part of Wat Mahawan, Chiang Mai", "date": "2006-07-22", "primary": true, "sha256": "988eb646954d03c22ee474776d09d275f756c2c523e47a7fd4a5a9345e578d2b" }, { "file": "tha-phae-road/tha-phae-road-thapaewalkingstreet1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ThaPaeWalkingStreet1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/ThaPaeWalkingStreet1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AThaPaeWalkingStreet1.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "LannaPhoto", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "At the east of Chiang Mai city there is a two-layer city wall. There is Ta Pae Road connected with the Ping River to the city passing the external layer of the Ta Pae city gate at Saen Farng Temple di", "date": "2013-09-15 17:30:53", "primary": false, "sha256": "4e8b15f94db64844b4ddf62e9271732ba34c070491aae2d99b3b69d591e39992" }, { "file": "tha-phae-road/tha-phae-road-2497.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ถนนท่าแพเมื่อ ๕๐ ปีก่อน (2497) อุทัยและพูนทรัพย์ สนธิ.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%282497%29_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%282497%29_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "อุทัยและพูนทรัพย์ สนธิ (Uthai & Phunsap Sonthi)", "credit": "This file was derived from: สมุดภาพโบราณวัตถุสถาน และทัศนีภาพเชียงใหม่-ลำพูน.pdf", "alt": "Tha Phae Road 50 years ago (published in a book circa 1954), meaning this image dated circa 1904", "date": "1904", "primary": false, "sha256": "28b4640895c509d7f13295212a33ae06a92425b06a10118462241d51853e2fde" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "tha-phae-gate", "type": "gate", "name": "Tha Phae Gate", "as": "The road it names." }, { "from": "nawarat-bridge", "type": "bridge", "name": "Nawarat Bridge", "as": "What it carries." }, { "from": "map-1931", "type": "map", "name": "The 1931 city map", "as": "Its spine." }, { "from": "the-day-the-river-came-up-tha-phae", "type": "story", "name": "The day the river came up Tha Phae", "as": "Under water." }, { "from": "chiang-mai-station", "type": "place", "name": "Chiang Mai railway station", "as": "What the train did to it." } ] }, { "id": "ton-yang-road", "type": "road", "names": { "name": "The Yang Tree Road, Chiang Mai to Lamphun", "th": "ถนนต้นยาง เชียงใหม่–ลำพูน", "rtgs": "Thanon Ton Yang", "aliases": [ "Route 106, Saraphi stretch" ], "said": "A thousand trees planted in 1882, and a poll in 2020 on whether to keep them.", "said_th": "ต้นยางพันต้นปลูกปี 2425 และโพลปี 2563 ว่าจะเก็บไว้ก่อ" }, "region": [ "ring2", "intercity" ], "facets": { "era": "kawila", "ref": "106", "direction": "south" }, "text": { "what": "The old road south to Lamphun, the Saraphi stretch of Route 106, lined with yang-na, Dipterocarpus alatus. About a thousand were planted from the Nawarat Bridge to the provincial line under Chao Phraya Surasi, dated 20 October 1882 by Thai PBS and by a telegram of 1900 in Thai Wikipedia; the two dates are not reconciled in any source on this disk. Infill planting in 1954; a protected-environment zone 40 m each side since 2015; storm damage in 2016. Counts of the surviving trees run from 800 to 900.", "story": "A Mae Jo poll in October 2020, 403 respondents: 54 percent said the trees were not a problem, 61 percent wanted them conserved, 4 percent wanted them removed, and of the critics 59 percent cited branches over the traffic.\n\n*Inference —* the Superhighway of 1969 was built to take the Bangkok traffic off this road, and the thesis this rests on says traffic on it fell sharply as a result. The trees are alive partly because a bypass was built past them. That is the clearest case on this site of a new road doing an old one a favour." }, "text_th": { "what": "ถนนเก่าลงใต้ไปลำพูน ช่วงสารภีของทางหลวง 106 เรียงด้วยต้นยางนา ปลูกราวพันต้นจากสะพานนวรัฐถึงเขตจังหวัดภายใต้เจ้าพระยาสุรสีห์ ไทยพีบีเอสให้วันที่ 20 ตุลาคม 2425 วิกิพีเดียไทยให้โทรเลขปี 2443 สองวันที่ยังไม่มีแหล่งไหนในแผ่นนี้ปรับให้ตรงกัน ปลูกซ่อมปี 2497 เขตคุ้มครองสิ่งแวดล้อม 40 เมตรสองข้างตั้งแต่ 2558 พายุทำเสียหาย 2559 จำนวนที่เหลือนับได้ 800 ถึง 900 ต้น", "story": "แม่โจ้โพล ตุลาคม 2563 ผู้ตอบ 403 คน ร้อยละ 54 ว่าต้นยางบ่เป็นปัญหา ร้อยละ 61 อยากอนุรักษ์ ร้อยละ 4 อยากเอาออก และในกลุ่มที่ติ ร้อยละ 59 ว่ากิ่งยื่นทับถนน\n\n*อนุมาน —* ซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ปี 2512 สร้างเพื่อเอารถกรุงเทพฯ ออกจากถนนสายนี้ และวิทยานิพนธ์ที่เรื่องนี้อิงว่ารถบนถนนลดฮวบเพราะอย่างนั้น ต้นยางยังอยู่ส่วนหนึ่งเพราะมีทางเลี่ยงสร้างผ่านไป นี่คือกรณีชัดที่สุดบนเว็บนี้ที่ถนนใหม่ทำคุณกับถนนเก่า" }, "road": { "ref": "106", "from": "Nawarat Bridge", "from_th": "สะพานนวรัฐ", "to": "Lamphun provincial line", "to_th": "เขตจังหวัดลำพูน", "opened": "1882 (trees)", "osm_names": [ "ถนนเชียงใหม่-ลำพูน", "Chiang Mai-Lamphun Road" ], "osm_refs": [ "106" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.745, "lon": 99.015, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "phraya-surasi", "as": "Who had them planted.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "route-106", "as": "The whole road.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "route-11", "as": "The bypass that spared it.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "the-trees-on-the-lamphun-road", "as": "The long version.", "rel": "story" } ], "tags": [ "trees", "heritage", "controversy" ], "sources": [ "s:thaipbs-308334", "s:thwp-106", "s:mgr-9630000112206", "s:cmu-thesis-2548" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thaipbs-308334" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "ton-yang-road/ton-yang-road-dipterocarpus-alatus-chiang-mai.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Dipterocarpus alatus (Chiang Mai).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Dipterocarpus_alatus_%28Chiang_Mai%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADipterocarpus_alatus_%28Chiang_Mai%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "DSwarthout", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "This is a mature Dipterocarpus alatus tree. In Thailand it is known as a Yang na (ยางนา)", "date": "2015-11-28 10:25:24", "primary": true, "sha256": "a6213b4853dd008987ddef50a2c3a2dbaf7d5eb8479360e489f00c0cc2d9c026" }, { "file": "ton-yang-road/ton-yang-road-hoge-bomen-langs-weg-106-p1160022.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Hoge bomen langs weg 106 P1160022.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Hoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P1160022.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P1160022.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "FredTC", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Het gedeelte van de Noord-Thaise weg 106 dat tussen Chiang Mai en Lamphun loopt, wordt ook wel de \"oude Chiang Mai - Lamphun weg\" genoemd. Het gedeelte daarvan dat in de provincie Chiang Mai ligt, hee", "date": "2013-02-24 15:11:41", "primary": false, "sha256": "f6165923a61ac8d423a3a1d7eec315fa5736afa02915058305e4f736d2cefb20" }, { "file": "ton-yang-road/ton-yang-road-hoge-bomen-langs-weg-106-p-20161219-b.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Hoge bomen langs weg 106 P 20161219 b.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Hoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P_20161219_b.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P_20161219_b.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "FredTC", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Het gedeelte van de Noord-Thaise weg 106 dat tussen Chiang Mai en Lamphun loopt, wordt ook wel de \"oude Chiang Mai - Lamphun weg\" genoemd. Het gedeelte daarvan dat in de provincie Chiang Mai ligt, hee", "date": "2016-12-19 16:13:15", "primary": false, "sha256": "a34303d8bb7fc70a1e84388573c2561d458fc420753d78d2bb3be080c14ed87c" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "nong-hoi-junction", "type": "junction", "name": "Nong Hoi junction", "as": "Begins south of it." }, { "from": "route-106", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 106, the old road south", "as": "Its famous stretch." }, { "from": "route-11", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 11, the Superhighway", "as": "The road it took the traffic off." }, { "from": "era-kawila-1796-1900", "type": "era", "name": "1796–1900 — Kawila's rebuilding", "as": "The trees." }, { "from": "map-ams-saraphi", "type": "map", "name": "The Army Map Service sheet, Ban Saraphi", "as": "The road on it." }, { "from": "map-mccarthy-1900", "type": "map", "name": "McCarthy's Siam, 1900", "as": "What he had planted." }, { "from": "built-up-area", "type": "traffic", "name": "How far the city spread", "as": "The tree." }, { "from": "the-trees-on-the-lamphun-road", "type": "story", "name": "The trees on the Lamphun road", "as": "The road." }, { "from": "what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city", "type": "story", "name": "What a road does to an old city", "as": "The exception." }, { "from": "phraya-surasi", "type": "person", "name": "Chao Phraya Surasi Wisitsak", "as": "The trees." } ] }, { "id": "wua-lai-road", "type": "road", "names": { "name": "Wua Lai Road", "th": "ถนนวัวลาย", "rtgs": "Thanon Wua Lai", "said": "The silversmiths' road, south from Chiang Mai Gate; the Saturday market.", "said_th": "ถนนช่างเงิน ลงใต้จากปะตู๋เจียงใหม่ กาดวันเสาร์" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "kawila" }, "text": { "what": "South from Chiang Mai Gate through the silversmiths' quarter, whose craft came with the people Kawila resettled from the Salween side. The Saturday walking street runs on it. Its naming date and any Wikipedia page are not on this disk." }, "text_th": { "what": "ลงใต้จากประตูเชียงใหม่ผ่านย่านช่างเงิน ฝีมือที่มากับผู้คนที่พระเจ้ากาวิละกวาดมาจากฝั่งสาละวิน ถนนคนเดินวันเสาร์อยู่บนถนนนี้ วันที่ตั้งชื่อและหน้าวิกิพีเดียบ่มีในแผ่นนี้" }, "road": { "from": "Chiang Mai Gate", "from_th": "ประตูเชียงใหม่", "to": "Route 108", "to_th": "ทางหลวง 108", "osm_names": [ "ถนนวัวลาย", "Wua Lai Road", "Wualai Road" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.777, "lon": 98.986, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "chiang-mai-gate", "as": "Its head.", "rel": "gate" }, { "to": "kawila", "as": "Whose resettlement gave it its craft.", "rel": "person" } ], "tags": [ "walk", "market", "night" ], "sources": [ "s:wp-chiang-mai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:wp-chiang-mai" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "low", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "wua-lai-road/wua-lai-road-chiangmai-walking-street-saturday-only-wualai-rd-panoramio-2.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiangmai walking street (Saturday only, Wualai Rd.) - panoramio (2).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Chiangmai_walking_street_%28Saturday_only%2C_Wualai_Rd.%29_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiangmai_walking_street_%28Saturday_only%2C_Wualai_Rd.%29_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "author": "chootrong", "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161021204022/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/50571062", "alt": "chiangmai walking street (Saturday only, Wualai Rd.)", "date": "Taken on 2 April 2011", "primary": true, "sha256": "201fe6169ccf3f05f7b6bc7436500fbcfe49333ba5117a6bb91b7410e555d2bd" }, { "file": "wua-lai-road/wua-lai-road-night-market-chiang-mai.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Night Market Chiang Mai.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Night_Market_Chiang_Mai.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ANight_Market_Chiang_Mai.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Adbar", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Night Market on Wua Lai Road in Chiang Mai, so-called Saturday Walking Street Market.", "date": "2013-04-27 19:51:57", "primary": false, "sha256": "a1933a0f92ef02719799f1db247e79620e9ab4aadb540ffc099ca6f69906423b" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "chiang-mai-gate", "type": "gate", "name": "Chiang Mai Gate", "as": "Runs south from here." }, { "from": "sunday-walking-street", "type": "story", "name": "The walking street, and how a road becomes a floor", "as": "The Saturday one." } ] }, { "id": "moat-loop", "type": "ring", "names": { "name": "The moat loop", "th": "ถนนรอบคูเมือง", "rtgs": "Thanon Rop Khu Mueang", "aliases": [ "Ring 0" ], "said": "6.54 km, two roads, one clockwise and one counter, since 1948.", "said_th": "6.54 กิโล สองถนน วงนอกตามเข็ม วงในทวน ตั้งแต่ 2491" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "facets": { "era": "siam", "km": 6.54, "oneway": true }, "text": { "what": "The pair of one-way roads on the two banks of the moat: the outer bank runs clockwise, the inner counter-clockwise, so that the square is a roundabout 6.54 km round. The municipality built the roads in 1948, demolishing stretches of the wall to do it. The year the one-way system began is not on this disk.", "story": "*Inference —* the loop is the city's first ring and its smallest, and the only one that is not a bypass: it does not take traffic round the centre, it takes traffic round the centre's edge and lets it in at the gates and the corners. A driver who misses a turn drives the whole square again. Everyone who has lived here has done it.\n\nThe story page argues what the loop did to the old city; the measurements page counts what is inside it." }, "text_th": { "what": "ถนนทางเดียวคู่บนสองฝั่งคูเมือง ฝั่งนอกวิ่งตามเข็มนาฬิกา ฝั่งในทวนเข็ม สี่เหลี่ยมจึงเป็นวงเวียนยาว 6.54 กม. เทศบาลสร้างถนนปี 2491 โดยรื้อกำแพงบางช่วง ปีที่ระบบทางเดียวเริ่มบ่มีในแผ่นนี้", "story": "*อนุมาน —* วงรอบคือวงแหวนแรกและเล็กสุดของเมือง และวงเดียวที่ไม่ใช่ทางเลี่ยง มันบ่ได้พารถอ้อมใจกลาง มันพารถอ้อมขอบใจกลางแล้วปล่อยเข้าที่ประตูและแจ่ง คนขับที่พลาดทางเลี้ยวต้องวนสี่เหลี่ยมอีกรอบ ใครที่เคยอยู่ที่นี่ก็เคยทำ\n\nหน้าเรื่องเล่าเถียงว่าวงรอบทำอะไรกับเวียงเก่า หน้าการวัดนับสิ่งที่อยู่ข้างใน" }, "road": { "km": 6.54, "km_source": "s:thwp-moat", "oneway": true, "opened": "1948", "osm_names": [ "ถนนมูลเมือง", "ถนนอารักษ์", "ถนนบุญเรืองฤทธิ์", "ถนนบำรุงบุรี", "ถนนศรีภูมิ", "ถนนช้างเผือก", "ถนนมณีนพรัตน์", "ถนนชัยภูมิ", "Moon Muang Road", "Arak Road", "Bunruangrit Road", "Bamrung Buri Road", "Si Phum Road", "Chang Phueak Road", "Mani Nopparat Road", "Chaiyaphum Road", "ถนนคชสาร", "Kotchasarn Road" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7883, "lon": 98.9855, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "the-moat", "as": "The water.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "why-the-moat-runs-one-way", "as": "The argument.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "grid-in-the-moat", "as": "What is inside.", "rel": "measure" }, { "to": "ring-1", "as": "The next ring out.", "rel": "ring" } ], "tags": [ "one-way", "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-moat", "s:cmocity-history" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-moat" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "moat-loop/moat-loop-201703291126a-chiang-mai-city-moat.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291126a Chiang Mai, City Moat.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/201703291126a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291126a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "City moat of Chiang Mai between Sri Phum Corner and Tha Phae Gate", "date": "2017-03-29 11:26:16", "primary": true, "sha256": "82838166f4241113c54d08f38dd9903986041c33afa99c6260e3a3954776cb3b" }, { "file": "moat-loop/moat-loop-chiang-mai-moat-and-road.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai Moat and Road.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Chiang_Mai_Moat_and_Road.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_Moat_and_Road.jpg", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "author": "Douglas Perkins", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "The moat of Chiang Mai during the day. A road is on the left, and the moat is on the right. This picture was taken on the north side of the city center. Thailand.", "date": "2014-12-26 10:51:47", "primary": false, "sha256": "065628ce8a62dd68f926bddabdd43e4ed02f785cda8f4a01d3d046d476b39cce" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ratchadamnoen-road", "type": "road", "name": "Ratchadamnoen Road", "as": "The other one-way system." }, { "from": "chang-phueak-gate", "type": "gate", "name": "Chang Phueak Gate", "as": "On the ring." }, { "from": "chiang-mai-gate", "type": "gate", "name": "Chiang Mai Gate", "as": "On the ring." }, { "from": "hua-lin-corner", "type": "gate", "name": "Hua Lin Corner", "as": "The ring turns here." }, { "from": "katam-corner", "type": "gate", "name": "Katam Corner", "as": "The ring turns here." }, { "from": "ku-hueang-corner", "type": "gate", "name": "Ku Hueang Corner", "as": "The ring turns here." }, { "from": "si-phum-corner", "type": "gate", "name": "Si Phum Corner", "as": "The ring turns here." }, { "from": "suan-dok-gate", "type": "gate", "name": "Suan Dok Gate", "as": "On the ring." }, { "from": "suan-prung-gate", "type": "gate", "name": "Suan Prung Gate", "as": "On the ring." }, { "from": "tha-phae-gate", "type": "gate", "name": "Tha Phae Gate", "as": "The ring it opens onto." }, { "from": "era-siam-1900-1950", "type": "era", "name": "1900–1950 — Siam and the railway", "as": "Built 1948." }, { "from": "map-1945", "type": "map", "name": "The 1945 city map", "as": "Built three years later." }, { "from": "one-way-share", "type": "measure", "name": "How much of the road runs one way", "as": "The loop." }, { "from": "municipal-roads", "type": "traffic", "name": "The municipality's roads, counted by the municipality", "as": "Municipal roads." }, { "from": "khu", "type": "word", "name": "คู khu", "as": "The roads on it." }, { "from": "what-we-did-not-do", "type": "story", "name": "What this site does not have", "as": "No year for the one-way." }, { "from": "why-the-moat-runs-one-way", "type": "story", "name": "Why the moat runs one way", "as": "The loop." }, { "from": "the-moat", "type": "place", "name": "The moat", "as": "The roads on its banks." } ] }, { "id": "ring-1", "type": "ring", "names": { "name": "Ring 1, the Superhighway ring", "th": "วงแหวนรอบที่ 1", "rtgs": "Wong Waen Rop Thi Nueng", "aliases": [ "Inner ring", "วงแหวนรอบใน" ], "said": "A bypass of 1969 plus a bypass of 1972 plus a gift of 1963, and the city grew past all three.", "said_th": "ทางเลี่ยงปี 2512 บวกทางเลี่ยงปี 2515 บวกของขวัญปี 2506 แล้วเมืองก็โตข้ามทั้งสาม" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "superhighway" }, "text": { "what": "The ring about 3 km out: the last ten kilometres of Route 11, the Superhighway, on the north and east; Mahidol Road, Route 1141, on the south; Nimmanhaemin on the west. Nobody planned it as a ring. Route 11 was built two-lane in 1968–69 to shorten the road to Bangkok and four-laned from 2001; Mahidol was built 1972 and six-laned 1998–2001; Nimmanhaemin was absorbed into Route 11 and returned to the municipality in 2022.", "story": "*Inference —* the airport, the university, the bus station, the railway station and the Night Bazaar all sit inside this ring. It is where the twentieth-century city is. The underpasses at Khuang Sing, San Dek and Fa Ham were dug under it in 2007 and 2018 because the ring became a street." }, "text_th": { "what": "วงแหวนราว 3 กม. จากใจกลาง สิบกิโลเมตรสุดท้ายของทางหลวง 11 ซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ ด้านเหนือและตะวันออก ถนนมหิดล ทางหลวง 1141 ด้านใต้ นิมมานเหมินท์ด้านตะวันตก บ่มีใครวางแผนให้เป็นวงแหวน ทางหลวง 11 สร้างสองเลนปี 2511–12 เพื่อย่นทางไปกรุงเทพฯ ขยายสี่เลนตั้งแต่ 2544 มหิดลสร้าง 2515 ขยายหกเลน 2541–44 นิมมานเหมินท์ถูกรวมเข้าทางหลวง 11 แล้วคืนเทศบาล 2565", "story": "*อนุมาน —* สนามบิน มหาวิทยาลัย สถานีขนส่ง สถานีรถไฟ และไนท์บาซาร์ อยู่ในวงนี้ทั้งหมด มันคือตี้เมืองศตวรรษที่ยี่สิบอยู่ ทางลอดข่วงสิงห์ สันเด็ก และฟ้าฮ่ามถูกขุดใต้มันปี 2550 และ 2561 เพราะวงแหวนกลายเป็นถนนในเมือง" }, "road": { "osm_refs": [ "11", "1141" ], "osm_names": [ "ถนนซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์", "Superhighway", "ถนนมหิดล", "ถนนนิมมานเหมินท์" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7883, "lon": 98.9855, "precision": "town" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-11", "as": "North and east.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "mahidol-road", "as": "South.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "nimmanhaemin-road", "as": "West.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "ring-2", "as": "The next ring out.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "khuang-sing-underpass", "as": "Under it.", "rel": "junction" } ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-11", "s:thwp-mahidol", "s:thwp-nimman", "s:cmu-thesis-2548" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-11" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "ring-1/ring-1-panoramic-view-of-cmx.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Panoramic view of CMX.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Panoramic_view_of_CMX.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APanoramic_view_of_CMX.jpg", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "author": "This Photo was taken by Supanut Arunoprayote.\n\nFeel free to use any of my images, but please mention me as the author and may send me a message. (สามารถใช้ภาพได้อิสระ แต่กรุณาใส่เครดิตผู้ถ่ายและอาจส่", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "The panoramic view of Mueang Chiang Mai district from Doi Suthep.", "date": "2022-08-01 14:25:52", "primary": true, "sha256": "825a2441b43c81c60218c29a1475cf79b20168b355848ee333e856daab5d152d" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "mahidol-road", "type": "road", "name": "Mahidol Road", "as": "Its southern arc." }, { "from": "nimmanhaemin-road", "type": "road", "name": "Nimmanhaemin Road", "as": "Its western arc." }, { "from": "moat-loop", "type": "ring", "name": "The moat loop", "as": "The next ring out." }, { "from": "ring-2", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 2, the 700 Years Road", "as": "Inside it." }, { "from": "route-11", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 11, the Superhighway", "as": "What its last ten km became." }, { "from": "era-superhighway-1969", "type": "era", "name": "1960s–70s — the Superhighway", "as": "What it became." } ] }, { "id": "ring-2", "type": "ring", "names": { "name": "Ring 2, the 700 Years Road", "th": "วงแหวนรอบกลาง — ถนนสมโภชเชียงใหม่ 700 ปี", "rtgs": "Thanon Somphot Chiang Mai Chet Roi Pi", "aliases": [ "Middle ring", "Rural Road ChM.3029" ], "said": "26.13 km, six lanes, seven underpasses, twelve years, 10,070 million baht.", "said_th": "26.13 กิโล หกเลน ทางลอดเจ็ดแห่ง สิบสองปี 10,070 ล้านบาท" }, "region": [ "ring2" ], "facets": { "era": "rings", "km": 26.13, "lanes": "6", "year": "2006" }, "text": { "what": "The middle ring, about 5 km out, named for the city's 700th anniversary of 1996. Laid out in the first comprehensive plan of 1984 and fixed by Interior Ministry Regulation 78 of 1989; designed by the Department of Town Planning, built by the Public Works Department; ground broken 11 January 1994 on a 30 m right of way; opened 6 February 2006 by the prime minister. 26.13 km, six lanes, seven underpasses at the radial roads (107, 1001, 118, 1006, 1317, 106, 108) and one interchange at Route 11. Run by the Department of Rural Roads as ChM.3029. Cost 10,070 million baht including land by Thai Wikipedia, 5,060 million in the 2005 thesis; the two figures are both recorded.", "story": "*Inference —* seven underpasses is the design decision that defines this ring: the radial roads keep their signals and the ring goes under them, so a driver on the ring never stops and a driver crossing it never notices. It is the road in the city that most behaves like a motorway, and it is not a national highway at all." }, "text_th": { "what": "วงแหวนรอบกลาง ราว 5 กม. จากใจกลาง ตั้งชื่อตามงานสมโภชเมือง 700 ปี พ.ศ. 2539 วางในผังเมืองรวมฉบับแรก 2527 กำหนดโดยกฎกระทรวงมหาดไทยฉบับที่ 78 ปี 2532 ออกแบบโดยกรมการผังเมือง สร้างโดยกรมโยธาธิการ วางศิลาฤกษ์ 11 มกราคม 2537 เขตทาง 30 เมตร เปิด 6 กุมภาพันธ์ 2549 โดยนายกรัฐมนตรี 26.13 กม. หกเลน ทางลอดเจ็ดแห่งตรงถนนรัศมี (107, 1001, 118, 1006, 1317, 106, 108) และทางแยกต่างระดับหนึ่งแห่งที่ทางหลวง 11 ดูแลโดยกรมทางหลวงชนบทเป็น ชม.3029 ค่าก่อสร้างรวมที่ดิน 10,070 ล้านบาทตามวิกิพีเดียไทย 5,060 ล้านตามวิทยานิพนธ์ปี 2548 บันทึกไว้ทั้งสองตัวเลข", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ทางลอดเจ็ดแห่งคือการออกแบบที่นิยามวงนี้ ถนนรัศมีเก็บสัญญาณไฟไว้ และวงแหวนลอดใต้ คนขับบนวงจึงบ่เคยหยุด และคนขับข้ามวงบ่เคยสังเกต มันคือถนนในเมืองที่ทำตัวเหมือนมอเตอร์เวย์มากที่สุด และมันบ่ใช่ทางหลวงแผ่นดินเลย" }, "road": { "ref": "ชม.3029", "km": 26.13, "km_source": "s:thwp-700-years", "lanes": "6", "opened": "2006-02-06", "osm_names": [ "ถนนสมโภชเชียงใหม่ 700 ปี", "ถนนวงแหวนรอบกลาง", "700 Years Road", "Chiang Mai 700th Anniversary Road", "Middle Ring Road" ], "osm_refs": [ "ชม.3029", "3029" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7883, "lon": 98.9855, "precision": "town" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-1", "as": "Inside it.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "ring-3", "as": "Outside it.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "ring-2-underpasses", "as": "The seven.", "rel": "junction" }, { "to": "lot", "as": "The word on the signs.", "rel": "word" }, { "to": "wiang-kum-kam", "as": "An underpass is named for it.", "rel": "place" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-700-years", "s:cmu-thesis-2548", "s:urbanis-5712", "s:reviewcm-underpasses" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-700-years" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "ring-2/ring-2-view-of-cmx-i.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:View of CMX (I).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/View_of_CMX_%28I%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AView_of_CMX_%28I%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "author": "This Photo was taken by Supanut Arunoprayote.\n\nFeel free to use any of my images, but please mention me as the author and may send me a message. (สามารถใช้ภาพได้อิสระ แต่กรุณาใส่เครดิตผู้ถ่ายและอาจส่", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Some view of Mueang Chiang Mai district from Doi Suthep.", "date": "2022-08-01 14:26:23", "primary": true, "sha256": "36aa7059a4e45cfae1fba3a9729535a07f5d4623116a3606f927d326a54a75cf" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ring-1", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 1, the Superhighway ring", "as": "The next ring out." }, { "from": "ring-3", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 3, Route 121", "as": "Inside it." }, { "from": "ring-2-underpasses", "type": "junction", "name": "The seven underpasses of the middle ring", "as": "The ring." }, { "from": "comprehensive-plan-2026", "type": "plan", "name": "The new comprehensive plan, 2026", "as": "Drawn by its 1984 ancestor." }, { "from": "era-rings-1984-2006", "type": "era", "name": "1984–2006 — the rings", "as": "The middle ring." }, { "from": "lot", "type": "word", "name": "ลอด lot", "as": "Seven of them." }, { "from": "the-monk-who-built-a-road", "type": "story", "name": "The monk who built a road in five months", "as": "The comparison." }, { "from": "wiang-kum-kam", "type": "place", "name": "Wiang Kum Kam", "as": "The underpass named for it is on this ring." } ] }, { "id": "ring-3", "type": "ring", "names": { "name": "Ring 3, Route 121", "th": "วงแหวนรอบนอก — ทางหลวง 121", "rtgs": "Thanon Wong Waen Rop Nok", "aliases": [ "Outer ring", "Canal Road (west side)", "ถนนเลียบคลองชลประทาน" ], "said": "52.96 km round, begun 1994, closed in the 2000s, and now being given five interchanges for 3,145 million baht.", "said_th": "ยาวรอบ 52.96 กิโล เริ่ม 2537 ปิดวงในทศวรรษ 2540 และกำลังได้ทางแยกต่างระดับห้าแห่ง 3,145 ล้านบาท" }, "region": [ "ring3" ], "facets": { "era": "rings", "ref": "121", "km": 52.957, "year": "1994–2000s" }, "text": { "what": "The outer ring, about 9 km out: a 52.957 km closed loop through Hang Dong, Saraphi, San Kamphaeng, Doi Saket, San Sai and Mae Rim, crossing the Ping twice. The west side runs along the irrigation canal, a 9.3 km road the Royal Irrigation Department built and handed to the highway department on 9 April 1998. Begun 1994 by the Lampang highway centre as two lanes, Ping to Hang Dong first, delayed by expropriation and the 1997 crash. The Hang Dong–university section, 11 km and four lanes, was built April 2002 to June 2004 for 332 million baht. The 2024 counts read 42,336 vehicles a day at km 1 and 21,476 at km 38.", "story": "Five interchanges are under tender for 3,145 million baht in total, due 2027: Samoeng at Route 108 (920 million), the Superhighway at Route 11 (700), Louis at Route 1006 (650), Kong Sai at Route 106 (445) and San Klang at Route 1317, phase 2 (430). The 16.3 km from Route 108 to Route 1006 is being widened to four and six lanes for 1,500 million. A 20.9 km elevated road along the Don Kaew–Mueang Kaew stretch is under study.\n\n*Inference —* this is the ring where the city's road money is going in the 2020s, and where the argument about what a road does to a view is being had." }, "text_th": { "what": "วงแหวนรอบนอก ราว 9 กม. จากใจกลาง วงปิดยาว 52.957 กม. ผ่านหางดง สารภี สันกำแพง ดอยสะเก็ด สันทราย แม่ริม ข้ามแม่ปิงสองครั้ง ด้านตะวันตกวิ่งเลียบคลองชลประทาน ถนน 9.3 กม. ที่กรมชลประทานสร้างและมอบให้กรมทางหลวง 9 เมษายน 2541 เริ่ม 2537 โดยศูนย์สร้างทางลำปางเป็นสองเลน ช่วงแม่ปิง–หางดงก่อน ล่าช้าเพราะเวนคืนและวิกฤต 2540 ช่วงหางดง–มหาวิทยาลัย 11 กม. สี่เลน สร้างเมษายน 2545 ถึงมิถุนายน 2547 332 ล้านบาท จุดนับปี 2567 อ่านได้ 42,336 คันต่อวันที่ กม.1 และ 21,476 ที่ กม.38", "story": "ทางแยกต่างระดับห้าแห่งกำลังประมูล รวม 3,145 ล้านบาท กำหนดเสร็จ 2570 สะเมิงที่ทางหลวง 108 (920 ล้าน) ซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ที่ทางหลวง 11 (700) หลุยส์ที่ทางหลวง 1006 (650) กองทรายที่ทางหลวง 106 (445) และสันกลางที่ทางหลวง 1317 ระยะสอง (430) ช่วง 16.3 กม. จาก 108 ถึง 1006 กำลังขยายเป็นสี่และหกเลน 1,500 ล้าน ทางยกระดับ 20.9 กม. ช่วงดอนแก้ว–เมืองแก้ว อยู่ระหว่างศึกษา\n\n*อนุมาน —* นี่คือวงที่เงินถนนของเมืองไหลไปในทศวรรษ 2560 และตี้ข้อถกเถียงว่าถนนทำอะไรกับวิวกำลังเกิดขึ้น" }, "road": { "ref": "121", "km": 52.957, "km_source": "s:thwp-121", "opened": "1994 begun", "osm_names": [ "ถนนวงแหวนรอบนอก", "ถนนเลียบคลองชลประทาน", "Canal Road", "Outer Ring Road" ], "osm_refs": [ "121" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7883, "lon": 98.9855, "precision": "town" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-2", "as": "Inside it.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "ring-4", "as": "The one drawn beyond it.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "ring-3-interchanges", "as": "The five.", "rel": "plan" }, { "to": "elevated-121", "as": "The road on top.", "rel": "plan" }, { "to": "doi-suthep", "as": "What its west side runs under.", "rel": "place" } ], "tags": [ "construction", "controversy" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-121", "s:cmu-thesis-2548", "s:dailynews-4380049", "s:constructionth-121", "s:doh-aadt", "s:citylife-big-development" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-121" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "ring-3/ring-3-canal-in-chiang-mai.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Canal in Chiang Mai.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Canal_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACanal_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Christophe95", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Canal located in the west of Chiang Mai, along Road 121.", "date": "2018-09-03 14:28:10", "primary": true, "sha256": "09ef533d9a7322500845550d5c20741d22eb073285d35cebf92c3a604d5e0092" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ring-2", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 2, the 700 Years Road", "as": "Outside it." }, { "from": "ring-4", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 4, drawn but not dug", "as": "The last ring built." }, { "from": "san-klang-interchange", "type": "junction", "name": "San Klang interchange", "as": "On it." }, { "from": "san-pa-tong-underpass", "type": "junction", "name": "San Pa Tong–Hang Dong bypass underpass", "as": "Off it." }, { "from": "elevated-121", "type": "plan", "name": "An elevated road on the outer ring, Don Kaew to Mueang Kaew", "as": "On it." }, { "from": "nine-roads-programme", "type": "plan", "name": "The nine roads, 2025–27", "as": "Six lanes." }, { "from": "ring-3-interchanges", "type": "plan", "name": "Five interchanges on the outer ring", "as": "The ring." }, { "from": "era-rings-1984-2006", "type": "era", "name": "1984–2006 — the rings", "as": "The outer ring." } ] }, { "id": "ring-4", "type": "ring", "names": { "name": "Ring 4, drawn but not dug", "th": "วงแหวนรอบที่ 4", "rtgs": "Wong Waen Rop Thi Si", "said": "Fifty kilometres, five thousand million baht, and a public hearing.", "said_th": "ห้าสิบกิโล ห้าพันล้านบาท และเวทีรับฟังความเห็น" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "era": "planned", "km": 50, "status": "study" }, "text": { "what": "A fourth ring of about 50 km through Hang Dong, Saraphi, San Kamphaeng, Doi Saket, San Sai and Mae Rim, costed at about 5,000 million baht, at the public-consultation stage as of 2025. It exists as a line on a plan and a hearing; no contract is on this disk." }, "text_th": { "what": "วงแหวนที่สี่ยาวราว 50 กม. ผ่านหางดง สารภี สันกำแพง ดอยสะเก็ด สันทราย แม่ริม ประเมินราว 5,000 ล้านบาท อยู่ขั้นรับฟังความเห็นในปี 2568 มีอยู่เป็นเส้นบนผังและเวทีรับฟัง สัญญาบ่มีในแผ่นนี้" }, "plan": { "status": "study", "as_of": "2025", "km": 50, "budget_thb": 5000000000, "agency": "Department of Highways", "agency_th": "กรมทางหลวง" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7883, "lon": 98.9855, "precision": "region" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-3", "as": "The last ring built.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "era-now", "as": "Its era.", "rel": "era" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:thaipbs-353092" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thaipbs-353092" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "low", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "ring-4/ring-4-chiang-mai-panoramic.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai Panoramic.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Chiang_Mai_Panoramic.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_Panoramic.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Ssuri", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Taken from a viewpoint on the way to the Doi Suthep temple in Chiang Mai.", "date": "2009-10-29", "primary": true, "sha256": "cbb39157fade452b282d7267308ea4a9ba79349c2e4e14a8b1a9c90754534b84" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ring-3", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 3, Route 121", "as": "The one drawn beyond it." } ] }, { "id": "hom-the-lane", "type": "lane", "names": { "name": "The hom", "th": "ฮ่อม", "rtgs": "hom", "said": "Where most of the city's road-kilometres are, and where almost none of the traffic counts are.", "said_th": "ตี้กิโลเมตรถนนส่วนใหญ่ของเมืองอยู่ และตี้แทบบ่มีจุดนับรถ" }, "region": [ "city" ], "text": { "what": "The lanes between houses: residential streets, living streets and service lanes in OpenStreetMap's terms; hom in Kam Mueang, soi on the postal address. The measurements page counts their length, how many end in a dead end, and how many have a name. The highway department counts none of them, because none of them is a highway.", "story": "*Inference —* a hom is a hom because it goes to houses, not through them. The dead-end share on the measurements page is the number to hold onto: inside the moat the grid of 1296 makes almost every lane come out somewhere; in the rings outside, a lane is a driveway shared by twenty families and it ends at the last one." }, "text_th": { "what": "ทางระหว่างบ้าน ถนนที่อยู่อาศัย ถนนคนอยู่ และทางบริการในภาษา OpenStreetMap ฮ่อมในกำเมือง ซอยบนที่อยู่ไปรษณีย์ หน้าการวัดนับความยาว นับว่ากี่สายจบด้วยทางตัน และกี่สายมีชื่อ กรมทางหลวงบ่นับสักสาย เพราะบ่มีสายไหนเป็นทางหลวง", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ฮ่อมเป็นฮ่อมเพราะมันไปหาบ้าน บ่ใช่ผ่านบ้าน สัดส่วนทางตันบนหน้าการวัดคือตัวเลขที่ควรจำ ในเวียง ตารางปี 1839 ทำให้เกือบทุกฮ่อมทะลุออกที่ไหนสักแห่ง ในวงแหวนข้างนอก ฮ่อมคือทางเข้าบ้านที่ยี่สิบครอบครัวใช้ร่วมกัน และมันจบที่หลังสุดท้าย" }, "kin": [ { "to": "hom", "as": "The word.", "rel": "word" }, { "to": "dead-ends", "as": "The count.", "rel": "measure" }, { "to": "soi-numbering", "as": "How they are numbered.", "rel": "lane" } ], "tags": [ "lanna", "walk" ], "sources": [ "s:osm", "s:moradok-lanna-dict" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "harvested", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "hom-the-lane/hom-the-lane-panoramio-4160.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:- panoramio (4160).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/-_panoramio_%284160%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A-_panoramio_%284160%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "author": "Daibo Taku", "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161022000650/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/56166068", "alt": "Thapae Road Soi 6, Muang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai, Pa Daet, Saraphi District, Provinz Chiang Mai, 55520, Thailand", "date": "Taken on 17 July 2011", "primary": true, "sha256": "34078730d4d9d9df8b956a9f1d61f3af8ad7914d1ef777f437b69a5e66957263" }, { "file": "hom-the-lane/hom-the-lane-20171106-chiang-mai-0182-dxo.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:20171106 Chiang Mai 0182 DxO.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/20171106_Chiang_Mai_0182_DxO.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A20171106_Chiang_Mai_0182_DxO.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Jakub Hałun", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Tangled cables over a street in Chiang Mai, Thailand", "date": "2017-11-06 15:50:55", "primary": false, "sha256": "633e27464c41e2b0cd3aa872b1a25764dafd4a156431ff9534c467019e18e18b" }, { "file": "hom-the-lane/hom-the-lane-chiang-mai-moonmuang-road-soi-7-0001.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai - Moonmuang Road Soi 7 - 0001.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Chiang_Mai_-_Moonmuang_Road_Soi_7_-_0001.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_-_Moonmuang_Road_Soi_7_-_0001.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Stefan Fussan", "credit": "Own work - My images are also available on MyPortfolio", "alt": "Moonmuang Road Soi 7, Chiang Mai, Thailand", "date": "2014-05-23", "primary": false, "sha256": "187d85f46fa7500f9204abb98ea32217e82965d800fb428108e2c950da0fddf0" }, { "file": "hom-the-lane/hom-the-lane-chiang-mai-ratchaphakhinai-soi-1-0001.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai - Ratchaphakhinai Soi 1 - 0001.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Chiang_Mai_-_Ratchaphakhinai_Soi_1_-_0001.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_-_Ratchaphakhinai_Soi_1_-_0001.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Stefan Fussan", "credit": "Own work - My images are also available on MyPortfolio", "alt": "Ratchaphakhinai Soi 1, Chiang Mai, Thailand - Junior Guest House on the left side", "date": "2014-05-23", "primary": false, "sha256": "ccdf5d1e8e6390206d58bf3a6815f24836a105a8980ee31f95a303198461a4d8" }, { "file": "hom-the-lane/hom-the-lane-soi-in-chiang-mai.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Soi in Chiang Mai.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Soi_in_Chiang_Mai.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASoi_in_Chiang_Mai.JPG", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Adbar", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "A soi in Chiang Mai (Moonmuang Soi 9).", "date": "2013-04-27 16:39:05", "primary": false, "sha256": "c4c4603cbf6d8f910ace9172433ba8c66b6ed512e86884d89495017662253e5c" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "dead-ends", "type": "measure", "name": "Dead ends, zone by zone", "as": "The lanes." }, { "from": "network-km", "type": "measure", "name": "The network, in kilometres", "as": "Where most of it is." }, { "from": "soi-count", "type": "measure", "name": "Sois, counted by name", "as": "The lanes." }, { "from": "hom", "type": "word", "name": "ฮ่อม hom", "as": "The lanes themselves." } ] }, { "id": "nimman-sois", "type": "lane", "names": { "name": "The Nimman sois", "th": "ซอยนิมมานเหมินท์", "rtgs": "Soi Nimmanhemin", "said": "Seventeen cuts off 1.3 km of road, each one a different evening.", "said_th": "สิบเจ็ดซอยจากถนน 1.3 กิโล แต่ละซอยคือค่ำคืนคนละแบบ" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "text": { "what": "The numbered lanes off Nimmanhaemin Road, odd on the west side and even on the east. Soi 1 has held a festival since 1999. The lanes are counted on the measurements page from the map; the count of businesses on them is Mot Dang's job, not this site's." }, "text_th": { "what": "ซอยเลขที่แยกจากถนนนิมมานเหมินท์ คี่ฝั่งตะวันตก คู่ฝั่งตะวันออก ซอย 1 มีเทศกาลตั้งแต่ 2542 ซอยถูกนับบนหน้าการวัดจากแผนที่ จำนวนร้านในซอยเป็นงานของมดแดง บ่ใช่เว็บนี้" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7975, "lon": 98.9675, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "nimmanhaemin-road", "as": "The road.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "soi-numbering", "as": "The rule.", "rel": "lane" } ], "tags": [ "night", "market" ], "links": [ { "label": "Roads and sois on Mot Dang — every place, by road", "url": "https://motdang.net/soi.html" } ], "sources": [ "s:becommon-nimman", "s:motdang-soi" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:becommon-nimman" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "nimman-sois/nimman-sois-nimmanhemin-street-panoramio.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Nimmanhemin street - panoramio.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Nimmanhemin_street_-_panoramio.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ANimmanhemin_street_-_panoramio.jpg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "author": "gary4now", "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161110183317/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/47682935", "alt": "Nimmanhemin street", "date": "Taken on 6 July 2008", "primary": true, "sha256": "2f768437b2935cad58c3871a45933f80a072918513a77052fadb52837576275f" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "nimmanhaemin-road", "type": "road", "name": "Nimmanhaemin Road", "as": "The seventeen cuts off it." }, { "from": "soi-numbering", "type": "lane", "name": "How a soi gets its number", "as": "The worked example." } ] }, { "id": "soi-numbering", "type": "lane", "names": { "name": "How a soi gets its number", "th": "เลขซอยมาจากไหน", "rtgs": "lek soi", "said": "Odd on one side, even on the other, counted from the head of the road.", "said_th": "คี่ฝั่งหนึ่ง คู่อีกฝั่ง นับจากหัวถนน" }, "region": [ "thailand" ], "text": { "what": "A soi branches from a main road and is numbered along it, even numbers on one side and odd on the other, counting from the road's start; a lane off a soi is a trok or a sub-number. Named sois often carry a landowner's name. The main road's start is a decision someone made once, which is why Nimmanhaemin's numbers run from the Huay Kaew end." }, "text_th": { "what": "ซอยแยกจากถนนหลักและได้เลขตามถนนนั้น เลขคู่ฝั่งหนึ่ง เลขคี่อีกฝั่ง นับจากต้นถนน ทางแยกจากซอยเป็นตรอกหรือเลขย่อย ซอยที่มีชื่อมักเป็นชื่อเจ้าของที่ดิน ต้นถนนคือการตัดสินใจที่ใครสักคนทำครั้งเดียว นี่คือเหตุที่เลขนิมมานเหมินท์นับจากฝั่งห้วยแก้ว" }, "kin": [ { "to": "soi", "as": "The word.", "rel": "word" }, { "to": "nimman-sois", "as": "The worked example.", "rel": "lane" } ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-soi" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-soi" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "hom-the-lane", "type": "lane", "name": "The hom", "as": "How they are numbered." }, { "from": "nimman-sois", "type": "lane", "name": "The Nimman sois", "as": "The rule." }, { "from": "soi-count", "type": "measure", "name": "Sois, counted by name", "as": "The rule." }, { "from": "soi", "type": "word", "name": "ซอย soi", "as": "How the numbers work." } ] }, { "id": "chang-moi-gate", "type": "gate", "names": { "name": "Chang Moi Gate", "th": "ประตูช้างม่อย", "rtgs": "Pratu Chang Moi", "said": "The gate that was demolished so a road could go straight.", "said_th": "ปะตู๋ตี้ถูกฮื้อ เปื้อหื้อถนนไปตรง ๆ" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "text": { "what": "An outer gate in the earthen wall, dated to 1282 in the chronicle, gone since the 1910s. Between 1910 and 1915 the earth bank and the gate were removed and the inner brick wall pierced so that Ratchawithi Road could run straight out to the new Chang Moi Road and the river.", "story": "*Inference —* this is the first documented case in the city of a wall giving way to a road, thirty-five years before the moat roads did it wholesale. The pattern was set: the straight line wins." }, "text_th": { "what": "ประตูชั้นนอกในกำแพงดิน ตำนานพื้นเมืองให้ปี พ.ศ. 1825 หายไปตั้งแต่ทศวรรษ 2450 ระหว่างปี 2453–2458 รื้อคันดินและประตู แล้วเจาะกำแพงอิฐชั้นในเพื่อให้ถนนราชวิถีวิ่งตรงออกไปถนนช้างม่อยสายใหม่และแม่น้ำ", "story": "*อนุมาน —* นี่คือกรณีแรกที่มีบันทึกของเมืองที่กำแพงยอมให้ถนน สามสิบห้าปีก่อนถนนรอบคูเมืองจะทำแบบเดียวกันทั้งเวียง แบบแผนถูกวางไว้แล้ว เส้นตรงชนะ" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.793, "lon": 98.9945, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "chang-moi-road", "as": "The road it was removed for.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "era-siam-1900-1950", "as": "Its era.", "rel": "era" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-chang-moi" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-chang-moi" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "chang-moi-gate/chang-moi-gate-chiang-mai-chang-moi-kao-road-0001.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai - Chang Moi Kao Road - 0001.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Chiang_Mai_-_Chang_Moi_Kao_Road_-_0001.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_-_Chang_Moi_Kao_Road_-_0001.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Stefan Fussan", "credit": "Own work - My images are also available on MyPortfolio", "alt": "Chang Moi Kao Road, Chiang Mai, Thailand", "date": "2014-05-23", "primary": true, "sha256": "3a345770c791d095b1930c497b0044a826bbfb9031b73933c8ece3142aa9869a" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "chang-moi-road", "type": "road", "name": "Chang Moi Road", "as": "What was demolished for it." }, { "from": "era-siam-1900-1950", "type": "era", "name": "1900–1950 — Siam and the railway", "as": "Removed." }, { "from": "map-1890", "type": "map", "name": "The 1890 city map", "as": "What was removed for it." } ] }, { "id": "chang-phueak-gate", "type": "gate", "names": { "name": "Chang Phueak Gate", "th": "ประตูช้างเผือก", "rtgs": "Pratu Chang Phueak", "said": "The north gate, the king's gate.", "said_th": "ปะตู๋ตางเหนือ ปะตู๋เจ้า" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "text": { "what": "The northern gate, formerly Hua Wiang, the head of the city. Kings entered here; the road north to Mae Rim and Fang, Route 107, still begins outside it.", "story": "*Tradition holds —* the north is the auspicious direction in Lanna town planning, so the gate at the head of the city was the ceremonial one. The white elephant monument beside it is a separate thing, from a separate century." }, "text_th": { "what": "ประตูด้านเหนือ เดิมชื่อประตูหัวเวียง หัวของเมือง กษัตริย์เข้าเมืองทางนี้ ถนนขึ้นเหนือไปแม่ริมและฝาง ทางหลวง 107 ยังเริ่มหน้าประตูนี้", "story": "*ตามธรรมเนียม —* ทิศเหนือคือทิศมงคลในการวางผังเมืองล้านนา ประตูที่หัวเวียงจึงเป็นประตูพิธี อนุสาวรีย์ช้างเผือกข้าง ๆ เป็นคนละเรื่อง คนละศตวรรษ" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7962, "lon": 98.986, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-107", "as": "The road that leaves from here.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "On the ring.", "rel": "ring" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-moat", "s:onep-278", "s:cmocity-history" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-moat" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "tradition" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "chang-phueak-gate/chang-phueak-gate-201703291151b-p-chiang-mai-city-wall-chang-phuak-gate.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291151b P Chiang Mai, City Wall, Chang Phuak Gate.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/201703291151b_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Chang_Phuak_Gate.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291151b_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Chang_Phuak_Gate.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Pratu Chang Phuak or Chang Phuak Gate is the northern gate in the city wall of Chiang Mai.)", "date": "2017-03-29 11:51:17", "primary": true, "sha256": "9e0632c7eba450be5b70c441591917f7fc440913644f5ebf53eaed3a280f5c25" }, { "file": "chang-phueak-gate/chang-phueak-gate-chang-phueak-gate-1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chang Phueak Gate (1).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Chang_Phueak_Gate_%281%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChang_Phueak_Gate_%281%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Krzysztof Golik", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chang Phueak Gate in Chang Mai, Chang Mai Province, Thailand", "date": "2015-11-16 04:57:14", "primary": false, "sha256": "1aff12351e5097b3bf242123d9e642569992b4e28a2259fd31dd63293274cc97" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "route-107", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 107, north to Fang", "as": "Its start." } ] }, { "id": "chiang-mai-gate", "type": "gate", "names": { "name": "Chiang Mai Gate", "th": "ประตูเชียงใหม่", "rtgs": "Pratu Chiang Mai", "said": "The south gate, and a market.", "said_th": "ปะตู๋ตางใต้ กับกาด" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "text": { "what": "The southern gate, formerly Tai Wiang, the foot of the city. A market sits against it, open before dawn, and Wua Lai Road runs south from it." }, "text_th": { "what": "ประตูด้านใต้ เดิมชื่อประตูท้ายเวียง ท้ายของเมือง มีกาดตั้งชิดประตู เปิดก่อนฟ้าสาง และถนนวัวลายวิ่งลงใต้จากตรงนี้" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7809, "lon": 98.9865, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "wua-lai-road", "as": "Runs south from here.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "On the ring.", "rel": "ring" } ], "tags": [ "heritage", "market" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-moat", "s:onep-278", "s:cmocity-history" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-moat" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "chiang-mai-gate/chiang-mai-gate-pratoo-chiang-mai-market-panoramio-gary4now.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Pratoo Chiang Mai market - panoramio - gary4now.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Pratoo_Chiang_Mai_market_-_panoramio_-_gary4now.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APratoo_Chiang_Mai_market_-_panoramio_-_gary4now.jpg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "author": "gary4now", "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061207/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/47718689", "alt": "Pratoo Chiang Mai market", "date": "Taken on 27 September 2008", "primary": true, "sha256": "09add3e4c935a485657bfc53c63e450f2983c5760a68619853e4f46e995c15e0" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "wua-lai-road", "type": "road", "name": "Wua Lai Road", "as": "Its head." } ] }, { "id": "hua-lin-corner", "type": "gate", "names": { "name": "Hua Lin Corner", "th": "แจ่งหัวลิน", "rtgs": "Chaeng Hua Lin", "said": "The northwest bastion.", "said_th": "แจ่งตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือ" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "text": { "what": "The northwest corner of the moat, one of the four bastions (chaeng) added to the wall in later restorations. Where two straight sides of the moat meet, and where the one-way traffic makes its turn. Hua Lin means the head of the water channel: the moat was fed from Doi Suthep at this corner, and the water still enters here." }, "text_th": { "what": "แจ่งตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือของคูเมือง หนึ่งในสี่ป้อมมุมที่เพิ่มเข้าไปในการบูรณะยุคหลัง ตี้สองด้านตรงของคูเมืองมาบรรจบ และตี้รถทางเดียวเลี้ยวหัวมุม หัวลินแปลว่าหัวรางน้ำ คูเมืองรับน้ำจากดอยสุเทพที่แจ่งนี้ และน้ำยังเข้าตรงนี้" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.796, "lon": 98.9775, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "The ring turns here.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "chaeng", "as": "The word.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-moat", "s:onep-278", "s:cmocity-history" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-moat" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "hua-lin-corner/hua-lin-corner-201703291201a-p-chiang-mai-city-wall-and-moat.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291201a P Chiang Mai, City Wall and Moat.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/201703291201a_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall_and_Moat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291201a_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall_and_Moat.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "City moat of Chiang Mai between Hua Rin Corner and Chang Phuak Gate", "date": "2017-03-29 12:01:21", "primary": true, "sha256": "0ddc259bf4853fc77add253dc2f913c84d0bffc0eecb1de2913728f04f8aa0cf" }, { "file": "hua-lin-corner/hua-lin-corner-201703291210d-p-chiang-mai-city-wall-hua-lin-corner.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291210d P Chiang Mai, City Wall, Hua Lin Corner.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/201703291210d_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Hua_Lin_Corner.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291210d_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Hua_Lin_Corner.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Jaeng Hua Rin or Hua Rin Corner is the northwestern citadel of the Chiang Mai city wall. It was built at the turn of the 18th to the 19th century.", "date": "2017-03-29 12:10:39", "primary": false, "sha256": "912df45c52070eaf1806fc0cd68ba314904bdb06c75a7c9a423073ba9bb5a071" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "huay-kaew-road", "type": "road", "name": "Huay Kaew Road", "as": "Where it starts." }, { "from": "the-moat", "type": "place", "name": "The moat", "as": "Where its water comes in." } ] }, { "id": "katam-corner", "type": "gate", "names": { "name": "Katam Corner", "th": "แจ่งก๊ะต๊ำ", "rtgs": "Chaeng Katam", "said": "The southeast bastion.", "said_th": "แจ่งตะวันออกเฉียงใต้" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "text": { "what": "The southeast corner of the moat, one of the four bastions (chaeng) added to the wall in later restorations. Where two straight sides of the moat meet, and where the one-way traffic makes its turn. Katam is a fish trap in Kam Mueang; the corner where the moat water was let out and the fish gathered." }, "text_th": { "what": "แจ่งตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ของคูเมือง หนึ่งในสี่ป้อมมุมที่เพิ่มเข้าไปในการบูรณะยุคหลัง ตี้สองด้านตรงของคูเมืองมาบรรจบ และตี้รถทางเดียวเลี้ยวหัวมุม ก๊ะต๊ำคือเครื่องดักปลาในกำเมือง แจ่งตี้น้ำคูเมืองไหลออกและปลามารวมกัน" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7808, "lon": 98.9938, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "The ring turns here.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "chaeng", "as": "The word.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-moat", "s:onep-278", "s:cmocity-history" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-moat" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "katam-corner/katam-corner-201703291051b-p-chiang-mai-city-wall-katam-corner.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291051b P Chiang Mai, City Wall, Katam Corner.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/201703291051b_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Katam_Corner.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291051b_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Katam_Corner.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Jaeng Katam or Katam Corner is the souteastern citadel of the Chiang Mai city wall. It was built at the turn of the 18th to the 19th century.", "date": "2017-03-29 10:51:52", "primary": true, "sha256": "0f622e817de22f1753c1b8f44349bf65d458fecd3bfc33638bf4cc0cdfc1eae4" }, { "file": "katam-corner/katam-corner-201703291052a-chiang-mai-city-wall-katam-corner.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291052a Chiang Mai, City Wall, Katam Corner.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/201703291052a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Katam_Corner.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291052a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Katam_Corner.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Jaeng Katam or Katam Corner is the souteastern citadel of the Chiang Mai city wall. It was built at the turn of the 18th to the 19th century.", "date": "2017-03-29 10:52:43", "primary": false, "sha256": "5cb70e7d2d426257ca20a75036b9af408e8ec534165693f3fb4f3c854c4f8580" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "chaeng", "type": "word", "name": "แจ่ง chaeng", "as": "One of the four." }, { "from": "why-the-moat-runs-one-way", "type": "story", "name": "Why the moat runs one way", "as": "Where the missed turn is paid for." } ] }, { "id": "ku-hueang-corner", "type": "gate", "names": { "name": "Ku Hueang Corner", "th": "แจ่งกู่เฮือง", "rtgs": "Chaeng Ku Hueang", "said": "The southwest bastion.", "said_th": "แจ่งตะวันตกเฉียงใต้" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "text": { "what": "The southwest corner of the moat, one of the four bastions (chaeng) added to the wall in later restorations. Where two straight sides of the moat meet, and where the one-way traffic makes its turn. Ku Hueang is a reliquary: a chedi to a jailer, or a prince, depending on the telling." }, "text_th": { "what": "แจ่งตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ของคูเมือง หนึ่งในสี่ป้อมมุมที่เพิ่มเข้าไปในการบูรณะยุคหลัง ตี้สองด้านตรงของคูเมืองมาบรรจบ และตี้รถทางเดียวเลี้ยวหัวมุม กู่เฮืองคือกู่บรรจุอัฐิ ของผู้คุมคุกหรือของเจ้า แล้วแต่ตำนานที่เล่า" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7808, "lon": 98.9775, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "The ring turns here.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "chaeng", "as": "The word.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-moat", "s:onep-278", "s:cmocity-history" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-moat" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "ku-hueang-corner/ku-hueang-corner-201703281534b-p-chiang-mai-city-wall-ku-ruang-corner.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703281534b P Chiang Mai, City Wall, Ku Ruang Corner.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/201703281534b_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Ku_Ruang_Corner.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703281534b_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Ku_Ruang_Corner.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chiang Mai city wall, Ku Ruang Coner (southwestern fort)", "date": "2017-03-28 15:34:12", "primary": true, "sha256": "32fae5e8d99c305bd989cc05dce1e79e97ded7fcd9b80422ae90c7baa1aec31f" }, { "file": "ku-hueang-corner/ku-hueang-corner-ku-huang-citadel-chiang-mai-02.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ku Huang citadel Chiang Mai 02.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Ku_Huang_citadel_Chiang_Mai_02.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AKu_Huang_citadel_Chiang_Mai_02.JPG", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Takeaway", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Ku Huang citadel: the south-west corner of the old city of Chiang Mai. Looking towards the east.", "date": "2010-05-06", "primary": false, "sha256": "0b5d8aaec8c05cc45551986bef2120ca1514e9121d687ad0557a5bf75cb8ee3c" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "si-phum-corner", "type": "gate", "names": { "name": "Si Phum Corner", "th": "แจ่งศรีภูมิ", "rtgs": "Chaeng Si Phum", "said": "The northeast bastion.", "said_th": "แจ่งตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "text": { "what": "The northeast corner of the moat, one of the four bastions (chaeng) added to the wall in later restorations. Where two straight sides of the moat meet, and where the one-way traffic makes its turn. The Kamphaeng Din, the outer earthen wall, begins its curve from here, and the corner was the auspicious one at the founding: the first brick of the city was laid at the northeast." }, "text_th": { "what": "แจ่งตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือของคูเมือง หนึ่งในสี่ป้อมมุมที่เพิ่มเข้าไปในการบูรณะยุคหลัง ตี้สองด้านตรงของคูเมืองมาบรรจบ และตี้รถทางเดียวเลี้ยวหัวมุม กำแพงดิน กำแพงดินชั้นนอก เริ่มโค้งจากตรงนี้ และแจ่งนี้เป็นแจ่งมงคลตอนสร้างเมือง อิฐก้อนแรกของเวียงวางที่ทิศตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.796, "lon": 98.9938, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "The ring turns here.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "chaeng", "as": "The word.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-moat", "s:onep-278", "s:cmocity-history" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-moat" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "si-phum-corner/si-phum-corner-201703291134b-p-chiang-mai-city-wall-si-phum-corner.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291134b P Chiang Mai, City Wall, Si Phum Corner.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/201703291134b_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Si_Phum_Corner.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291134b_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Si_Phum_Corner.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Jaeng Sri Phum or Sri Phum Corner is the norteastern citadel of the Chiang Mai city wall. It was built at the turn of the 18th to the 19th century.", "date": "2017-03-29 11:34:32", "primary": true, "sha256": "42df9676c3cf9f43603fd3500587dfe556e2b6d8b61fffcbe7b5220312fe0dad" }, { "file": "si-phum-corner/si-phum-corner-201703291136c-chiang-mai-city-wall-si-phum-corner.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291136c Chiang Mai, City Wall, Si Phum Corner.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/201703291136c_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Si_Phum_Corner.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291136c_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Si_Phum_Corner.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Jaeng Sri Phum or Sri Phum Corner is the norteastern citadel of the Chiang Mai city wall. It was built at the turn of the 18th to the 19th century.", "date": "2017-03-29 11:34:32", "primary": false, "sha256": "f3bf7b0c5a919bbb2dc26d0278de3de259f31d0b25ff68a4a51e22957fd051ca" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "chaeng", "type": "word", "name": "แจ่ง chaeng", "as": "One of the four." }, { "from": "kamphaeng-din", "type": "place", "name": "Kamphaeng Din, the earthen wall", "as": "Where it starts." } ] }, { "id": "suan-dok-gate", "type": "gate", "names": { "name": "Suan Dok Gate", "th": "ประตูสวนดอก", "rtgs": "Pratu Suan Dok", "said": "The west gate. Suthep Road runs out of it towards the mountain.", "said_th": "ปะตู๋ตางตก ถนนสุเทพวิ่งออกไปหาดอย" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "text": { "what": "The western gate, the flower-garden gate, named for the royal garden that became Wat Suan Dok outside it. Suthep Road leaves here for the university and Doi Suthep." }, "text_th": { "what": "ประตูด้านตะวันตก ประตูสวนดอกไม้ ตั้งชื่อตามสวนหลวงที่กลายเป็นวัดสวนดอกหน้าประตู ถนนสุเทพออกจากตรงนี้ไปมหาวิทยาลัยและดอยสุเทพ" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7887, "lon": 98.9776, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "suthep-road", "as": "Leaves from here.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "On the ring.", "rel": "ring" } ], "tags": [ "heritage", "wat" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-moat", "s:onep-278", "s:cmocity-history" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-moat" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "suan-dok-gate/suan-dok-gate-201703291225a-p-chiang-mai-city-wall-saun-dok-gate.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291225a P Chiang Mai, City Wall, Saun Dok Gate.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/201703291225a_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Saun_Dok_Gate.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291225a_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Saun_Dok_Gate.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Pratu Suan Dok or Suan Dok Gate is the western gate in the city wall of Chiang Mai.)", "date": "2017-03-29 12:25:15", "primary": true, "sha256": "4feffeadc716e47290b85db860112cf53f6dbc111b1d43ff9b6bfa5ccb88abed" }, { "file": "suan-dok-gate/suan-dok-gate-moat-near-the-suan-dok-gate.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Moat near the Suan Dok Gate.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Moat_near_the_Suan_Dok_Gate.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMoat_near_the_Suan_Dok_Gate.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Christophe95", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Moat near the Suan Dok Gate in Chiang Mai.", "date": "2018-09-03 15:47:12", "primary": false, "sha256": "fad566ea52fda8fb1428f6d498c9a5f7258faf5fa312c4d4476e9165236f1a38" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "suthep-road", "type": "road", "name": "Suthep Road", "as": "Its head." } ] }, { "id": "suan-prung-gate", "type": "gate", "names": { "name": "Suan Prung Gate", "th": "ประตูสวนปรุง", "rtgs": "Pratu Suan Prung", "said": "The fifth gate, added later, on the south wall.", "said_th": "ปะตู๋ตี้ห้า เพิ่มตี้หลัง บนกำแพงใต้" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "text": { "what": "The second gate in the south wall, added under King Sam Fang Kaen in the 1400s, so that the south wall alone has two. The hospital of the same name is outside it.", "story": "*Tradition holds —* the dead left the city through this gate, which is why it was cut into the south wall rather than the auspicious north. The road outside it is still the way to the crematorium.", "notes": "The 1931 city map spells it ประตูแสนปุง, romanised San Prung on the same sheet, where present usage has สวนปรุง Suan Prung. Both are in circulation and this project does not adjudicate between them." }, "text_th": { "what": "ประตูที่สองบนกำแพงด้านใต้ เพิ่มในสมัยพญาสามฝั่งแกนช่วงพุทธศตวรรษที่ 20 กำแพงใต้จึงมีสองประตู โรงพยาบาลชื่อเดียวกันอยู่นอกประตู", "story": "*ตามธรรมเนียม —* ศพออกจากเวียงทางประตูนี้ นี่คือเหตุที่เจาะกำแพงใต้ ไม่ใช่ทิศเหนืออันเป็นมงคล ถนนหน้าประตูยังเป็นทางไปสุสาน", "notes": "แผนที่เมืองปี 2474 สะกดว่า ประตูแสนปุง ถอดเป็นอักษรโรมันว่า San Prung บนแผ่นเดียวกัน ขณะที่การใช้ปัจจุบันเป็น สวนปรุง ทั้งสองใช้กันอยู่ และโครงการนี้ไม่ตัดสินว่าอันไหนถูก" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7809, "lon": 98.9803, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "On the ring.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "map-1931", "as": "Where the older spelling is.", "rel": "map" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-moat", "s:onep-278", "s:cmocity-history", "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-moat" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "tradition" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "suan-prung-gate/suan-prung-gate-201703291143a-p-chiang-mai-city-moat.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291143a P Chiang Mai, City Moat.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/201703291143a_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291143a_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "City moat of Chiang Mai between Chang Phuak Gate and Sri Phum Corner", "date": "2017-03-29 11:43:03", "primary": true, "sha256": "23fb8d65a72db27909fd1ec7c6b03e93ef24a69cd02da3df8180fa3e6bee4a9c" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "era-lanna-and-burma", "type": "era", "name": "1300s–1700s — Lanna and Burma", "as": "Cut in this era." } ] }, { "id": "tha-phae-gate", "type": "gate", "names": { "name": "Tha Phae Gate", "th": "ประตูท่าแพ", "rtgs": "Pratu Tha Phae", "said": "The east gate. The one everybody means.", "said_th": "ปะตู๋ตางออก ตี้ใผ ๆ ก็หมายเถิง" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "text": { "what": "The eastern gate of the walled city, at the head of Tha Phae Road, facing the river a kilometre away. Originally Chiang Rueak Gate, after the trading village outside it.", "story": "What stands there now is a reconstruction. The municipality and the Fine Arts Department rebuilt the gate and its lawn in 1985–87 from records, archaeology and a single old photograph; it is the only inner gate with a complete set of wooden doors.\n\n*Inference —* the lawn in front is the city's living room: the Sunday walking street begins here, protests gather here, and the pigeons are a business. A gate that was demolished in 1948 to make way for the moat roads became, forty years later, the picture on the postcard. That is the whole history of Chiang Mai's road-building in one square." }, "text_th": { "what": "ประตูด้านตะวันออกของเวียง อยู่หัวถนนท่าแพ หันหน้าไปทางแม่ปิงที่ห่างออกไปหนึ่งกิโลเมตร เดิมชื่อประตูเชียงเรือก ตามหมู่บ้านค้าขายที่อยู่หน้าประตู", "story": "ที่ยืนอยู่ตรงนั้นตอนนี้คือของสร้างใหม่ เทศบาลกับกรมศิลปากรสร้างประตูและสนามหญ้าขึ้นใหม่ในปี 2528–30 จากบันทึก หลักฐานโบราณคดี และรูปถ่ายเก่าเพียงรูปเดียว เป็นประตูชั้นในแห่งเดียวที่มีบานประตูไม้ครบ\n\n*อนุมาน —* สนามหญ้าหน้าประตูคือห้องนั่งเล่นของเมือง ถนนคนเดินวันอาทิตย์เริ่มตรงนี้ การชุมนุมรวมตัวตรงนี้ และนกพิราบเป็นธุรกิจ ประตูที่ถูกรื้อในปี 2491 เพื่อให้ถนนรอบคูเมืองผ่าน กลายเป็นรูปบนโปสการ์ดในอีกสี่สิบปีต่อมา นั่นคือประวัติการสร้างถนนของเชียงใหม่ทั้งหมดในจัตุรัสเดียว" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7877, "lon": 98.9932, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "tha-phae-road", "as": "The road it names.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "The ring it opens onto.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "sunday-walking-street", "as": "Starts here.", "rel": "story" } ], "tags": [ "heritage", "walk", "market" ], "sources": [ "s:wp-tha-phae-gate", "s:thwp-moat", "s:onep-278", "s:cmocity-history" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-tha-phae-gate" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "tha-phae-gate/tha-phae-gate-201703291111a-chiang-mai-city-wall-tha-phae-gate.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291111a Chiang Mai, City Wall, Tha Phae Gate.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/201703291111a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Tha_Phae_Gate.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291111a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Tha_Phae_Gate.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Pratu Tha Pae or Tha Pae Gate is the eastern gate in the city wall of Chiang Mai.)", "date": "2017-03-29 11:11:07", "primary": true, "sha256": "10f76a10a310ebabd5ffa55532afefed135a822576cf203e8387f1d64acc3818" }, { "file": "tha-phae-gate/tha-phae-gate-201703291115a-chiang-mai-city-wall-tha-phae-gate.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291115a Chiang Mai, City Wall, Tha Phae Gate.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/201703291115a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Tha_Phae_Gate.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291115a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Wall%2C_Tha_Phae_Gate.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Pratu Tha Pae or Tha Pae Gate is the eastern gate in the city wall of Chiang Mai.)", "date": "2017-03-29 11:15:07", "primary": false, "sha256": "b0a6195bb1e755360c6c7685ad21dbbf61bb10f2f637ec84c5df5088325c93c8" }, { "file": "tha-phae-gate/tha-phae-gate-20171105-tha-phae-gate-chiang-mai-9784-dxo.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:20171105 Tha Phae Gate Chiang Mai 9784 DxO.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/20171105_Tha_Phae_Gate_Chiang_Mai_9784_DxO.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A20171105_Tha_Phae_Gate_Chiang_Mai_9784_DxO.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Jakub Hałun", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Tha Phae Gate in Chiang Mai", "date": "2017-11-05 09:32:20", "primary": false, "sha256": "dcfa2c5d05800fab304db4ae23ccec96722dc283124ec1b0589077a14e1e151a" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ratchadamnoen-road", "type": "road", "name": "Ratchadamnoen Road", "as": "Its east end." }, { "from": "tha-phae-road", "type": "road", "name": "Tha Phae Road", "as": "Its head." }, { "from": "pratu", "type": "word", "name": "ประตู pratu", "as": "The one everyone means." }, { "from": "sunday-walking-street", "type": "story", "name": "The walking street, and how a road becomes a floor", "as": "Where it starts." } ] }, { "id": "airport-junction", "type": "junction", "names": { "name": "Airport junction", "th": "แยกสนามบิน", "rtgs": "Yaek Sanam Bin", "said": "Where Mahidol Road meets the airport gate, at km 5.6 to 5.8, and the busiest count in the province sits a kilometre east.", "said_th": "ตี้ถนนมหิดลพบประตูสนามบิน กม.5.6 ถึง 5.8 และจุดนับรถมากสุดของจังหวัดอยู่ห่างไปตะวันออกหนึ่งกิโล" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "rings" }, "text": { "what": "The junction of Mahidol Road with the airport approach and the road to Hang Dong, on the first ring's southern arc. It has an underpass; the year it opened is not on this disk. In the flood of 5 October 2024 the airport–cultural centre–Hai Ya stretch was impassable for small cars by early afternoon." }, "text_th": { "what": "แยกถนนมหิดลกับทางเข้าสนามบินและถนนไปหางดง บนส่วนโค้งใต้ของวงแหวนรอบแรก มีทางลอด ปีที่เปิดบ่มีในแผ่นนี้ น้ำท่วม 5 ตุลาคม 2567 ช่วงสนามบิน–ศูนย์วัฒนธรรม–หายยา รถเล็กผ่านบ่ได้ตั้งแต่บ่ายต้น" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7735, "lon": 98.9705, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "mahidol-road", "as": "On it.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "chiang-mai-airport", "as": "Its gate.", "rel": "place" } ], "tags": [ "airport", "flood" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-mahidol", "s:naewna-833570" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-mahidol" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "mahidol-road", "type": "road", "name": "Mahidol Road", "as": "On it." }, { "from": "chiang-mai-airport", "type": "place", "name": "Chiang Mai Airport", "as": "The junction at its gate." } ] }, { "id": "fa-ham-underpass", "type": "junction", "names": { "name": "Fa Ham underpass", "th": "ทางลอดฟ้าฮ่าม", "rtgs": "Thang Lot Fa Ham", "aliases": [ "Mae Jo junction underpass" ], "said": "533 metres, 31 metres wide, 1,172.8 million baht, Lanna-styled lamps.", "said_th": "533 เมตร กว้าง 31 เมตร 1,172.8 ล้านบาท โคมแบบล้านนา" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "now", "year": "2018" }, "text": { "what": "Where Route 1001, the Mae Jo and Phrao road, crosses the Superhighway northeast of the city. Highway department; built from March 2015; opened 9 June 2018; a tunnel 533 m long and 31 m wide, at 1,172,771,000 baht. The busiest radial count on this side of the city passes through it: 55,708 vehicles a day at Route 1001's first kilometre in 2025." }, "text_th": { "what": "ตี้ทางหลวง 1001 ถนนแม่โจ้และพร้าว ตัดซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ทางตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือของเมือง กรมทางหลวง สร้างตั้งแต่มีนาคม 2558 เปิด 9 มิถุนายน 2561 อุโมงค์ยาว 533 เมตร กว้าง 31 เมตร 1,172,771,000 บาท จุดนับรัศมีที่รถมากสุดฝั่งนี้ของเมืองผ่านมัน 55,708 คันต่อวันที่กิโลเมตรแรกของทางหลวง 1001 ปี 2568" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.808, "lon": 99.01, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-1001", "as": "Through it.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "route-11", "as": "Under it.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "era-now", "as": "Its era.", "rel": "era" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:mgr-9610000057357", "s:doh-aadt" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:mgr-9610000057357" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "route-1001", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 1001, to Phrao", "as": "Its junction." }, { "from": "route-11", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 11, the Superhighway", "as": "Dug under it." }, { "from": "route-118", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 118, to Chiang Rai", "as": "Its junction with the Superhighway." }, { "from": "era-now", "type": "era", "name": "2010s–2020s — going under, and going up", "as": "2018." } ] }, { "id": "khuang-sing-underpass", "type": "junction", "names": { "name": "Khuang Sing underpass", "th": "ทางลอดข่วงสิงห์", "rtgs": "Thang Lot Khuang Sing", "said": "The contractor walked off at sixty percent. The department finished it in six months.", "said_th": "ผู้รับเหมาทิ้งงานตอนหกสิบเปอร์เซ็นต์ กรมมาทำเสร็จเองในหกเดือน" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "now", "year": "2007" }, "text": { "what": "Where Chotana Road, Route 107, crosses the Superhighway at the northern edge of the first ring. Begun 2003 with the San Dek underpass; the contractor had bid 146 million under estimate, abandoned both at about sixty percent, and the contract was terminated in April 2007. The highway department's bridge centres finished the pair in six months for 240 million baht, and the transport minister opened them on 26 December 2007. Six lanes." }, "text_th": { "what": "ตี้ถนนโชตนา ทางหลวง 107 ตัดซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ที่ขอบเหนือของวงแหวนรอบแรก เริ่มปี 2546 พร้อมทางลอดสันเด็ก ผู้รับเหมาเสนอราคาต่ำกว่าประเมิน 146 ล้าน ทิ้งงานทั้งสองแห่งที่ราวหกสิบเปอร์เซ็นต์ และสัญญาถูกยกเลิกเมษายน 2550 ศูนย์สร้างสะพานของกรมทางหลวงทำเสร็จทั้งคู่ในหกเดือนด้วยงบ 240 ล้านบาท รัฐมนตรีคมนาคมเปิด 26 ธันวาคม 2550 หกช่องจราจร" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.8135, "lon": 98.982, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "san-dek-underpass", "as": "Its twin.", "rel": "junction" }, { "to": "route-11", "as": "Under it.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "chotana-road", "as": "Through it.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "lot", "as": "The word.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "construction", "controversy" ], "sources": [ "s:mgr-9500000153752", "s:reviewcm-underpasses" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:mgr-9500000153752" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "chotana-road", "type": "road", "name": "Chotana Road", "as": "Goes under the Superhighway here." }, { "from": "ring-1", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 1, the Superhighway ring", "as": "Under it." }, { "from": "san-dek-underpass", "type": "junction", "name": "San Dek underpass", "as": "Its twin." }, { "from": "route-11", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 11, the Superhighway", "as": "Dug under it." }, { "from": "thang", "type": "word", "name": "ทาง thang", "as": "A thang lot." } ] }, { "id": "nong-hoi-junction", "type": "junction", "names": { "name": "Nong Hoi junction", "th": "แยกหนองหอย", "rtgs": "Yaek Nong Hoi", "said": "Mahidol meets the Lamphun road, km 2, and goes under it.", "said_th": "มหิดลพบถนนลำพูน กม.2 แล้วลอดใต้" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "rings" }, "text": { "what": "Where Mahidol Road crosses Route 106, the old Lamphun road, at km 2, east of the river. There is an underpass; its opening year is not on this disk. The yang trees begin a little south of here." }, "text_th": { "what": "ตี้ถนนมหิดลตัดทางหลวง 106 ถนนลำพูนสายเก่า ที่ กม.2 ทางตะวันออกของแม่น้ำ มีทางลอด ปีที่เปิดบ่มีในแผ่นนี้ ต้นยางเริ่มถัดลงใต้จากตรงนี้ไม่ไกล" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7735, "lon": 99.011, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "mahidol-road", "as": "On it.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "ton-yang-road", "as": "Begins south of it.", "rel": "road" } ], "tags": [ "trees" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-mahidol" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-mahidol" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "mahidol-road", "type": "road", "name": "Mahidol Road", "as": "On it." } ] }, { "id": "rincome-junction", "type": "junction", "names": { "name": "Rincome junction", "th": "แยกรินคำ", "rtgs": "Yaek Rin Kham", "said": "Named for a hotel that closed, and the worst light in the city by the planners' own count.", "said_th": "ตั้งชื่อตามโฮงแฮมตี้ปิดไปแล้ว และไฟแดงตี้แย่สุดในเมืองตามที่นักวางแผนนับเอง" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "superhighway" }, "text": { "what": "Where Huay Kaew Road, Nimmanhaemin and the Superhighway meet, northwest of the moat. The 2025 public-transport master plan names it a critical congestion point, and an interchange with the Superhighway is costed at 700 million baht, phase one due 2027. The hotel it is named for is gone; the name is not." }, "text_th": { "what": "ตี้ถนนห้วยแก้ว นิมมานเหมินท์ และซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์มาพบกัน ทางตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือของคูเมือง แผนแม่บทขนส่งสาธารณะปี 2568 ระบุเป็นจุดวิกฤต และทางแยกต่างระดับกับซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ประเมิน 700 ล้านบาท ระยะแรกกำหนด 2570 โฮงแฮมที่มันตั้งชื่อตามหายไปแล้ว ชื่อยังอยู่" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.8003, "lon": 98.9672, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "nimmanhaemin-road", "as": "Its southern arm.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "huay-kaew-road", "as": "Its western arm.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "yaek", "as": "The word, with this as the example.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "university" ], "sources": [ "s:cm-traffic-minutes-2569", "s:citylife-big-development" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:cm-traffic-minutes-2569" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "rincome-junction/rincome-junction-nimmanhaeminda-road-2025.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Nimmanhaeminda Road 2025.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Nimmanhaeminda_Road_2025.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ANimmanhaeminda_Road_2025.jpg", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "author": "Setawut", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Nimmanheminda Road", "date": "2025-12-21", "primary": true, "sha256": "636e20ad64a0d679c3a8f78182091fb4f96388b846559cada3685e411db407c2" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "nimmanhaemin-road", "type": "road", "name": "Nimmanhaemin Road", "as": "Its northern end." }, { "from": "congestion-index", "type": "traffic", "name": "How slow: the TomTom index", "as": "The junction the planners name." }, { "from": "yaek", "type": "word", "name": "แยก yaek", "as": "The one named for a vanished hotel." } ] }, { "id": "ring-2-underpasses", "type": "junction", "names": { "name": "The seven underpasses of the middle ring", "th": "ทางลอดเจ็ดแห่งของวงแหวนรอบกลาง", "rtgs": "thang lot chet haeng", "said": "Sanam Luang, Ruam Chok, Mae Khao, Buak Khrok, Sri Bua Ngoen, Wiang Kum Kam, Mae Hia. Four lanes each, all done by October 2005.", "said_th": "สนามหลวง รวมโชค แม่เขา บวกครก ศรีบัวเงิน เวียงกุมกาม แม่เหียะ สี่เลนทุกแห่ง เสร็จตุลาคม 2548" }, "region": [ "ring2" ], "facets": { "era": "rings", "year": "2005" }, "text": { "what": "The middle ring dives under each radial highway it crosses: Routes 107, 1001, 118, 1006, 1317, 106 and 108, seven underpasses of four lanes finished by October 2005, plus an interchange at Route 11. Their names are the neighbourhoods: Sanam Luang at the government centre, Ruam Chok, Mae Khao, Buak Khrok, Sri Bua Ngoen, Wiang Kum Kam, and Mae Hia Saman Samakkhi." }, "text_th": { "what": "วงแหวนรอบกลางลอดใต้ทางหลวงรัศมีทุกสายที่ตัด ทางหลวง 107, 1001, 118, 1006, 1317, 106 และ 108 ทางลอดสี่เลนเจ็ดแห่งเสร็จตุลาคม 2548 บวกทางแยกต่างระดับที่ทางหลวง 11 ชื่อคือชื่อย่าน สนามหลวงที่ศูนย์ราชการ รวมโชค แม่เขา บวกครก ศรีบัวเงิน เวียงกุมกาม และแม่เหียะสมานสามัคคี" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7883, "lon": 98.9855, "precision": "town" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-2", "as": "The ring.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "lot", "as": "The word.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:reviewcm-underpasses", "s:thwp-700-years" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:reviewcm-underpasses" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "ring-2-underpasses/ring-2-underpasses-thailand-traffic-signs-warning-sign-01a.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Thailand Traffic-signs Warning-sign-01a.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Thailand_Traffic-signs_Warning-sign-01a.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AThailand_Traffic-signs_Warning-sign-01a.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Traffic signs in Thailand: Warning sign \"Curve to the right\" (Photo taken in Chiang Mai)", "date": "2008-11-16", "primary": true, "sha256": "49a49eb4cda25239df47a9d85d762017c0a414275e423ca312e59f23b5bc2d11" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ring-2", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 2, the 700 Years Road", "as": "The seven." } ] }, { "id": "san-dek-underpass", "type": "junction", "names": { "name": "San Dek underpass", "th": "ทางลอดสันเด็ก", "rtgs": "Thang Lot San Dek", "said": "Opened the same day as Khuang Sing, after the same contractor left.", "said_th": "เปิดวันเดียวกับข่วงสิงห์ หลังผู้รับเหมาคนเดียวกันทิ้งไป" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "now", "year": "2007" }, "text": { "what": "Where the road to the Arcade bus station and Kaew Nawarat cross the Superhighway on the east. Same contract, same abandonment and same six-month rescue as Khuang Sing; opened 26 December 2007. Its original estimate was 350 million baht. In October 2024 the flood reached it from the river." }, "text_th": { "what": "ตี้ถนนไปสถานีขนส่งอาเขตและแก้วนวรัฐตัดซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ด้านตะวันออก สัญญาเดียวกัน ทิ้งงานเหมือนกัน และกู้งานหกเดือนเหมือนกันกับข่วงสิงห์ เปิด 26 ธันวาคม 2550 ประเมินเดิม 350 ล้านบาท ตุลาคม 2567 น้ำจากแม่น้ำมาถึงมัน" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.8005, "lon": 99.018, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "khuang-sing-underpass", "as": "Its twin.", "rel": "junction" }, { "to": "arcade-bus-terminal", "as": "Beside it.", "rel": "place" } ], "tags": [ "construction", "flood" ], "sources": [ "s:mgr-9500000153752", "s:lanner-flood" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:mgr-9500000153752" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "khuang-sing-underpass", "type": "junction", "name": "Khuang Sing underpass", "as": "Its twin." } ] }, { "id": "san-klang-interchange", "type": "junction", "names": { "name": "San Klang interchange", "th": "ทางแยกต่างระดับสันกลาง", "rtgs": "Thang Yaek Tang Radap San Klang", "said": "1,425 million baht where the new San Kamphaeng road crosses the outer ring, more than half built.", "said_th": "1,425 ล้านบาท ตี้ถนนสันกำแพงสายใหม่ตัดวงแหวนรอบนอก สร้างไปกว่าครึ่ง" }, "region": [ "ring3" ], "facets": { "era": "now", "status": "building" }, "text": { "what": "Route 1317 across Route 121, east of the city. Thai PBS reported it more than half built in 2025 at 1,425 million baht; a second phase of 430 million is in the five-interchange tender due 2027." }, "text_th": { "what": "ทางหลวง 1317 ตัดทางหลวง 121 ทางตะวันออกของเมือง ไทยพีบีเอสรายงานสร้างไปกว่าครึ่งในปี 2568 ที่ 1,425 ล้านบาท ระยะสอง 430 ล้านอยู่ในการประมูลห้าทางแยกกำหนด 2570" }, "plan": { "status": "building", "as_of": "2025", "budget_thb": 1425000000, "agency": "Department of Highways", "agency_th": "กรมทางหลวง", "due": "2027" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.776, "lon": 99.07, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-3", "as": "On it.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "route-1317", "as": "Through it.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "ring-3-interchanges", "as": "One of five.", "rel": "plan" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:thaipbs-353092", "s:dailynews-4380049" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thaipbs-353092" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "ring-3-interchanges", "type": "plan", "name": "Five interchanges on the outer ring", "as": "The one half built." } ] }, { "id": "san-pa-tong-underpass", "type": "junction", "names": { "name": "San Pa Tong–Hang Dong bypass underpass", "th": "อุโมงค์เลี่ยงเมืองสันป่าตอง–หางดง", "rtgs": "Umong Liang Mueang San Pa Tong", "said": "A twin underpass of 462 metres, 720 million baht, linking the outer ring to the Samoeng road.", "said_th": "อุโมงค์คู่ 462 เมตร 720 ล้านบาท เชื่อมวงแหวนรอบนอกกับถนนสะเมิง" }, "region": [ "ring3" ], "facets": { "era": "now", "year": "2022" }, "text": { "what": "Department of Rural Roads, linking Route 121 to Route 1269: 1.83 km in all with a twin underpass of 462.5 m, 720.3 million baht, more than eighty percent built in August 2021 and due early 2022. A separate San Pa Tong interchange on Route 108, 1,246 million baht with a 679 m underpass, is due 2027." }, "text_th": { "what": "กรมทางหลวงชนบท เชื่อมทางหลวง 121 กับ 1269 รวม 1.83 กม. อุโมงค์คู่ 462.5 เมตร 720.3 ล้านบาท สร้างไปกว่าแปดสิบเปอร์เซ็นต์สิงหาคม 2564 กำหนดต้น 2565 ทางแยกต่างระดับสันป่าตองบนทางหลวง 108 อีกแห่ง 1,246 ล้านบาท อุโมงค์ 679 เมตร กำหนด 2570" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7, "lon": 98.92, "precision": "town" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-3", "as": "Off it.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "route-1269", "as": "To it.", "rel": "highway" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:mgr-9640000078021" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:mgr-9640000078021" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "chansom-memorial-bridge", "type": "bridge", "names": { "name": "Chansom Memorial Bridge", "th": "สะพานจันทร์สมอนุสรณ์", "rtgs": "Saphan Chansom Anusorn", "said": "The Ping crossing between Nawarat and the Iron Bridge.", "said_th": "ขัวข้ามแม่ปิงระหว่างนวรัฐกับขัวเหล็ก" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "now" }, "text": { "what": "A road bridge over the Ping in the city centre, carrying the Chang Moi–Wat Ket link. Its date is not on this disk; it is counted with the rest on the crossings page and has a picture." }, "text_th": { "what": "ขัวรถข้ามแม่ปิงในใจกลางเมือง รับถนนเชื่อมช้างม่อย–วัดเกต วันที่บ่มีในแผ่นนี้ ถูกนับรวมกับขัวอื่นบนหน้าจุดข้าม และมีรูป" }, "road": { "osm_names": [ "สะพานจันทร์สมอนุสรณ์", "Chansom Memorial Bridge" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.793, "lon": 99.0045, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ping-crossings", "as": "Counted.", "rel": "measure" } ], "sources": [ "s:osm" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "harvested", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "low", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "chansom-memorial-bridge/chansom-memorial-bridge-chansom-memorial-bridge.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chansom Memorial Bridge.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Chansom_Memorial_Bridge.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChansom_Memorial_Bridge.jpg", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "author": "This Photo was taken by Supanut Arunoprayote.\n\nFeel free to use any of my images, but please mention me as the author and may send me a message. (สามารถใช้ภาพได้อิสระ แต่กรุณาใส่เครดิตผู้ถ่ายและอาจส่", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chansom Memorial Bridge, Chiang Mai.", "date": "2020-10-11 16:01:12", "primary": true, "sha256": "fe35d61d71e80de1ca8b34bdd853f27b4bb8dc1012ea526deeb297508662c1b5" }, { "file": "chansom-memorial-bridge/chansom-memorial-bridge-ping-river-in-chiang-mai-1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ping River in Chiang Mai 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Ping_River_in_Chiang_Mai_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APing_River_in_Chiang_Mai_1.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Christophe95", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "View of the Ping River from the Chansom Memorial Bridge in Chiang Mai.", "date": "2018-09-06 14:36:03", "primary": false, "sha256": "a749aba609d0f43d5c778e00d1e430c17dc9d6985446ee1250d170ea2681aea1" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "iron-bridge", "type": "bridge", "names": { "name": "Khua Lek, the Iron Bridge", "th": "ขัวเหล็ก", "rtgs": "Khua Lek", "aliases": [ "Iron Bridge", "สะพานเหล็ก" ], "said": "The one bridge everybody calls by its Kam Mueang name.", "said_th": "ขัวเดียวตี้ใผ ๆ ก็เอิ้นชื่อกำเมือง" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "siam" }, "text": { "what": "The steel truss bridge south of Nawarat, at the end of Loi Kroh Road, painted and lit and mostly walked. Its dates and its builder are on the English Wikipedia page this record cites and are not repeated here without checking; what this site vouches for is that the name is khua, not saphan, in every mouth in the city." }, "text_th": { "what": "ขัวเหล็กโครงถักทางใต้ของนวรัฐ ปลายถนนลอยเคราะห์ ทาสี ติดไฟ และส่วนใหญ่ใช้เดิน วันที่และผู้สร้างอยู่ในหน้าวิกิพีเดียอังกฤษที่บันทึกนี้อ้าง และไม่นำมาพูดซ้ำโดยไม่ตรวจ สิ่งที่เว็บนี้รับรองคือชื่อมันคือขัว ไม่ใช่สะพาน ในทุกปากในเมือง" }, "road": { "osm_names": [ "ขัวเหล็ก", "Iron Bridge", "สะพานเหล็ก" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.784, "lon": 99.0035, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "khua", "as": "The word.", "rel": "word" }, { "to": "nawarat-bridge", "as": "Its neighbour upstream.", "rel": "bridge" } ], "tags": [ "heritage", "walk", "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:wp-iron-bridge" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:wp-iron-bridge" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "low", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "iron-bridge/iron-bridge-iron-bridge-in-chiang-mai.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Iron Bridge in Chiang Mai.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Iron_Bridge_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AIron_Bridge_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Christophe95", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "View of the Iron Bridge in Chiang Mai.", "date": "2018-09-06 15:49:49", "primary": true, "sha256": "50ed2b3d2909e1261dabad7e4753de2030a17b11e2ab6575e29ef66532135e47" }, { "file": "iron-bridge/iron-bridge-ping-river-in-chiang-mai-panoramio-erebusso-7.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ping River in Chiang Mai - panoramio - Erebusso. (7).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Ping_River_in_Chiang_Mai_-_panoramio_-_Erebusso._%287%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APing_River_in_Chiang_Mai_-_panoramio_-_Erebusso._%287%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Erebusso.", "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161015061345/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/32519486", "alt": "Ping River in Chiang Mai with Khua Lek (Iron Bridge) and Diamond Riverside Hotel.", "date": "Taken on 4 December 2009", "primary": false, "sha256": "f67deb8164818d873c5945dad0a8667744f40ac6e43eea7cb440e0c6e92aa962" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ping-crossings", "type": "measure", "name": "Road bridges over the Ping, counted", "as": "The one with the Kam Mueang name." }, { "from": "khua", "type": "word", "name": "ขัว khua", "as": "The bridge everyone calls by this word." } ] }, { "id": "moat-bridges", "type": "bridge", "names": { "name": "The bridges over the moat", "th": "ขัวข้ามคูเมือง", "rtgs": "khua kham khu mueang", "said": "Every way into the square that is not a gate is a small bridge, and there are more of them than gates.", "said_th": "ทุกทางเข้าเวียงตี้บ่ใช่ปะตู๋คือขัวน้อย และมีมากกว่าปะตู๋" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "facets": { "era": "siam" }, "text": { "what": "The moat is crossed by short road and foot bridges at the gates and between them. They are counted from the map on the crossings page alongside the Ping bridges; the Loi Kroh bridge and the one people call the rat bridge have pictures." }, "text_th": { "what": "คูเมืองถูกข้ามด้วยขัวรถและขัวคนสั้น ๆ ตรงประตูและระหว่างประตู ถูกนับจากแผนที่บนหน้าจุดข้ามพร้อมขัวแม่ปิง ขัวลอยเคราะห์และขัวที่คนเรียกขัวหนูมีรูป" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7883, "lon": 98.9855, "precision": "town" }, "kin": [ { "to": "the-moat", "as": "What they cross.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "ping-crossings", "as": "Counted with the river bridges.", "rel": "measure" } ], "tags": [ "walk" ], "sources": [ "s:osm" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "harvested", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "moat-bridges/moat-bridges-chiang-mai-thailand-loi-krohi-road-bridge-01.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang-Mai Thailand Loi-Krohi-Road-Bridge-01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Loi-Krohi-Road-Bridge-01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang-Mai_Thailand_Loi-Krohi-Road-Bridge-01.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chiang Mai, Thailand: Bridge over the moat at Loi Kroh Road, decorated with two golden lions", "date": "2017-04-16", "primary": true, "sha256": "2883de65c09faa9e62cbc1634f48092d69284075e7d06355752d2cd0b850c6f7" }, { "file": "moat-bridges/moat-bridges-chiang-mai-thailand-rat-bridge-01.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang-Mai Thailand Rat-Bridge-01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Rat-Bridge-01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang-Mai_Thailand_Rat-Bridge-01.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chiang Mai, Thailand: The \"Rat Bridge\" over a moat at Sridonchai Road", "date": "2017-04-16", "primary": false, "sha256": "becec7b816ba65c34f9dc2b074b480cbe53ef56f550423e01babd1cd451b299d" }, { "file": "moat-bridges/moat-bridges-chiang-mai-moat-and-road.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai Moat and Road.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Chiang_Mai_Moat_and_Road.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_Moat_and_Road.jpg", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "author": "Douglas Perkins", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "The moat of Chiang Mai during the day. A road is on the left, and the moat is on the right. This picture was taken on the north side of the city center. Thailand.", "date": "2014-12-26 10:51:47", "primary": false, "sha256": "065628ce8a62dd68f926bddabdd43e4ed02f785cda8f4a01d3d046d476b39cce" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "nawarat-bridge", "type": "bridge", "names": { "name": "Nawarat Bridge", "th": "สะพานนวรัฐ", "rtgs": "Saphan Nawarat", "aliases": [ "ขัวแขก" ], "said": "Teak about 1890, steel 1923 after the teak burned, concrete 1967. The gauge that read 5.30 m is on it.", "said_th": "ไม้สักราว 2433 เหล็ก 2466 หลังไม้ไหม้ คอนกรีต 2510 สถานีวัดน้ำตี้อ่านได้ 5.30 เมตรอยู่บนมัน" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "era": "superhighway", "year": "1967" }, "text": { "what": "The bridge at the foot of Tha Phae Road, named for Chao Kaew Nawarat, the last ruler. A teak bridge about 1890; a steel one begun 1921 after the wooden one burned and opened 1923; the present reinforced-concrete bridge completed 1967 and opened 26 December that year. The Ping gauge P.1 is here, and it read 5.30 m at noon on 5 October 2024." }, "text_th": { "what": "ขัวตีนถนนท่าแพ ตั้งชื่อตามเจ้าแก้วนวรัฐ เจ้าหลวงองค์สุดท้าย ขัวไม้สักราว 2433 ขัวเหล็กเริ่ม 2464 หลังขัวไม้ไหม้ เปิด 2466 ขัวคอนกรีตเสริมเหล็กปัจจุบันเสร็จ 2510 เปิด 26 ธันวาคมปีนั้น สถานีวัดน้ำ P.1 อยู่ตรงนี้ และอ่านได้ 5.30 เมตรตอนเที่ยง 5 ตุลาคม 2567" }, "road": { "opened": "1967-12-26", "osm_names": [ "สะพานนวรัฐ", "Nawarat Bridge", "Nawarat" ] }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7877, "lon": 99.0033, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "chao-kaew-nawarat", "as": "Who it is named for.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "tha-phae-road", "as": "What it carries.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "ping-crossings", "as": "Counted with the rest.", "rel": "measure" }, { "to": "khua", "as": "The word.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "heritage", "flood" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-nawarat", "s:prachatai-110951" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-nawarat" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "nawarat-bridge/nawarat-bridge-nawarat-bridge-1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Nawarat Bridge 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Nawarat_Bridge_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ANawarat_Bridge_1.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Rinto Jiang", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Nawarat Bridge in the night", "date": "2007-01-25", "primary": true, "sha256": "017f589cdf2f902b2ad3789e06044acfa4b611f6f583b1fd779867040125a186" }, { "file": "nawarat-bridge/nawarat-bridge-.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:สะพานนวรัฐ อ.เมือง จ.เชียงใหม่.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90_%E0%B8%AD.%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%88.%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90_%E0%B8%AD.%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%88.%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "กสิณธร ราชโอรส", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "สะพานนวรัฐ อ.เมือง จ.เชียงใหม่.jpg", "date": "2023-04-03 16:34:25", "primary": false, "sha256": "6d2a89bec6380428a196bdab7a44aceeec9953a0dd86245746ab1c3a54e49f14" }, { "file": "nawarat-bridge/nawarat-bridge-navarat-bridge-chiangmai-1954.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:สะพานนวรัตน์ เชียงใหม่ Navarat Bridge Chiangmai 1954.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88_Navarat_Bridge_Chiangmai_1954.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88_Navarat_Bridge_Chiangmai_1954.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Photography Section, Public Relations Department / Thailand Illustrated", "credit": "Thailand Illustrates (September 1954 Issue); retrieved from digital scans by National Library of Thailand", "alt": "Navarat Bridge in 1954", "date": "circa 1954date QS:P,+1954-00-00T00:00:00", "primary": false, "sha256": "fab3fd58fd8987a673f518378127dbfbcec0cfe8c6f295b72667a86c9de175ac" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "tha-phae-road", "type": "road", "name": "Tha Phae Road", "as": "Its foot." }, { "from": "iron-bridge", "type": "bridge", "name": "Khua Lek, the Iron Bridge", "as": "Its neighbour upstream." }, { "from": "era-kawila-1796-1900", "type": "era", "name": "1796–1900 — Kawila's rebuilding", "as": "The first bridge." }, { "from": "ping-crossings", "type": "measure", "name": "Road bridges over the Ping, counted", "as": "The one with the gauge." }, { "from": "the-day-the-river-came-up-tha-phae", "type": "story", "name": "The day the river came up Tha Phae", "as": "The gauge." }, { "from": "chao-kaew-nawarat", "type": "person", "name": "Chao Kaew Nawarat", "as": "Named for him." }, { "from": "ping-river", "type": "place", "name": "The Ping", "as": "The gauge is on it." } ] }, { "id": "route-1", "type": "highway", "names": { "name": "Route 1, Phahonyothin, and the 696 km to Bangkok", "th": "ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 1 พหลโยธิน — 696 กม. ถึงกรุงเทพฯ", "said": "Bangkok is 696 km by road. The number has not changed since the Superhighway.", "said_th": "กรุงเทพฯ ห่าง 696 กิโลทางถนน ตัวเลขบ่เปลี่ยนตั้งแต่ซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์" }, "region": [ "intercity" ], "facets": { "direction": "south", "ref": "1", "km": 1005, "era": "siam" }, "text": { "what": "Thailand's first highway, 1,005 km from the Victory Monument to Mae Sai, named 1938. Chiang Mai is not on it; the run to Bangkok leaves Route 1 at Lampang for Route 11, or at Tak for Route 1 via Lampang, and comes to about 696 km either way." }, "text_th": { "what": "ทางหลวงสายแรกของประเทศ 1,005 กม. จากอนุสาวรีย์ชัยสมรภูมิถึงแม่สาย ตั้งชื่อ 2481 เชียงใหม่บ่ได้อยู่บนสายนี้ ทางไปกรุงเทพฯ ออกจากทางหลวง 1 ที่ลำปางเข้าทางหลวง 11 หรือใช้ทางหลวง 1 ผ่านตากและลำปาง ได้ราว 696 กม. ทั้งสองทาง" }, "road": { "ref": "1", "km": 1005, "km_source": "s:wp-route-1", "from": "Bangkok", "from_th": "กรุงเทพฯ", "to": "Mae Sai", "to_th": "แม่สาย", "osm_refs": [ "1" ], "opened": "" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-11", "as": "The road that joins it.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "hsr-bangkok-chiang-mai", "as": "The train that would replace the drive.", "rel": "plan" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-route-1", "s:wp-chiang-mai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-route-1" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "route-1/route-1-hgwy1amphoekokha090515.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Hgwy1amphoekokha090515.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Hgwy1amphoekokha090515.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHgwy1amphoekokha090515.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Hdamm", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Highway 1 in Amphoe Ko Kha, Lampang Province, northern Thailand", "date": "2009-05-15", "primary": true, "sha256": "29f45c03948002c8cac4772d3cd734be47a8fcd635942053b9ae20f2b3e9516a" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "hsr-bangkok-chiang-mai", "type": "plan", "name": "Bangkok–Chiang Mai high-speed rail", "as": "The 696 km it would replace." }, { "from": "fuel-today", "type": "traffic", "name": "What a litre cost on the day this was built", "as": "696 km to Bangkok, at this price." } ] }, { "id": "route-1001", "type": "highway", "names": { "name": "Route 1001, to Phrao", "th": "ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 1001 — เชียงใหม่–พร้าว", "said": "93.7 km, and 55,708 vehicles a day at its first kilometre.", "said_th": "93.7 กิโล และ 55,708 คันต่อวันที่กิโลแรก" }, "region": [ "intercity" ], "facets": { "direction": "north", "ref": "1001", "km": 93.657, "era": "siam" }, "text": { "what": "From the Fa Ham junction on the Superhighway north through San Sai and Mae Jo to Phrao, 93.657 km. The first kilometre is one of the busiest counts in the province, 55,708 vehicles a day in 2025 plus 22,601 motorcycles, and the reason the Fa Ham underpass was dug." }, "text_th": { "what": "จากแยกฟ้าฮ่ามบนซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ขึ้นเหนือผ่านสันทราย แม่โจ้ ถึงพร้าว 93.657 กม. กิโลเมตรแรกเป็นจุดนับที่รถมากสุดจุดหนึ่งของจังหวัด 55,708 คันต่อวันปี 2568 บวกจักรยานยนต์ 22,601 และเป็นเหตุที่ขุดทางลอดฟ้าฮ่าม" }, "road": { "ref": "1001", "km": 93.657, "km_source": "s:thwp-highway-list", "from": "Fa Ham, Chiang Mai", "from_th": "ฟ้าฮ่าม เชียงใหม่", "to": "Phrao", "to_th": "พร้าว", "osm_refs": [ "1001" ], "opened": "" }, "kin": [ { "to": "fa-ham-underpass", "as": "Its junction.", "rel": "junction" } ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-highway-list", "s:doh-aadt" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-highway-list" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "route-1001/route-1001-green-bus-chiang-mai-nan.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Green Bus Chiang Mai - Nan.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Green_Bus_Chiang_Mai_-_Nan.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGreen_Bus_Chiang_Mai_-_Nan.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Khxwklong", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Green Bus", "date": "2024-03-15 07:37:22", "primary": true, "sha256": "ecd2b12a3dcab71815b9f6a5155bfac08a855d222d7c490a870c7a4768f30820" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "fa-ham-underpass", "type": "junction", "name": "Fa Ham underpass", "as": "Through it." } ] }, { "id": "route-1006", "type": "highway", "names": { "name": "Route 1006, the old San Kamphaeng road", "th": "ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 1006 — สันกำแพงสายเก่า", "said": "31 km of umbrella and silk shops, and 44,945 vehicles a day.", "said_th": "31 กิโลของร้านร่มกับผ้าไหม และ 44,945 คันต่อวัน" }, "region": [ "intercity" ], "facets": { "direction": "east", "ref": "1006", "km": 31.45, "era": "siam" }, "text": { "what": "Chiang Mai to On Luai through Bo Sang and San Kamphaeng, 31.45 km, the handicraft road. 44,945 vehicles a day at km 10 in 2024. The Louis interchange with the outer ring, 650 million baht, is under tender." }, "text_th": { "what": "เชียงใหม่ถึงออนหลวยผ่านบ่อสร้าง สันกำแพง 31.45 กม. ถนนหัตถกรรม 44,945 คันต่อวันที่ กม.10 ปี 2567 ทางแยกต่างระดับหลุยส์กับวงแหวนรอบนอก 650 ล้านบาท กำลังประมูล" }, "road": { "ref": "1006", "km": 31.45, "km_source": "s:thwp-highway-list", "from": "Chiang Mai", "from_th": "เชียงใหม่", "to": "On Luai", "to_th": "ออนหลวย", "osm_refs": [ "1006" ], "opened": "" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-1317", "as": "The new road.", "rel": "highway" } ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-highway-list", "s:doh-aadt", "s:dailynews-4380049" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-highway-list" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "route-1006/route-1006-talat-warorot-chiang-mai-thailand-4246641396.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Talat Warorot, Chiang Mai, Thailand (4246641396).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Talat_Warorot%2C_Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand_%284246641396%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ATalat_Warorot%2C_Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand_%284246641396%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "yeowatzup", "credit": "Talat Warorot, Chiang Mai, Thailand", "alt": "petsgoplaces.blogspot.com/", "date": "2009-12-31 14:04", "primary": true, "sha256": "6cf637aa8d822b5794c1beaaaf4d6115e96c54202c5e33ddaf0b8d3d665effa7" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "route-1317", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 1317, the new San Kamphaeng road", "as": "The old road." } ] }, { "id": "route-106", "type": "highway", "names": { "name": "Route 106, the old road south", "th": "ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 106 — ถนนสายเก่าลงใต้", "said": "256 km from Sukhothai, and the Saraphi stretch is the one with the trees.", "said_th": "256 กิโลจากสุโขทัย และช่วงสารภีคือช่วงมีต้นยาง" }, "region": [ "intercity" ], "facets": { "direction": "south", "ref": "106", "km": 256.359, "era": "kawila" }, "text": { "what": "Sukhothai to Lampang, Lamphun and Chiang Mai, 256.359 km. The Chiang Mai–Lamphun stretch is the Yang Tree Road, two to four lanes under the yang-na. It was the road to Bangkok until 1969, when Route 11 took the traffic." }, "text_th": { "what": "สุโขทัยถึงลำปาง ลำพูน เชียงใหม่ 256.359 กม. ช่วงเชียงใหม่–ลำพูนคือถนนต้นยาง สองถึงสี่เลนใต้ต้นยางนา เป็นถนนไปกรุงเทพฯ จนถึงปี 2512 เมื่อทางหลวง 11 เอารถไป" }, "road": { "ref": "106", "km": 256.359, "km_source": "s:thwp-106", "from": "Sukhothai", "from_th": "สุโขทัย", "to": "Chiang Mai", "to_th": "เชียงใหม่", "osm_refs": [ "106" ], "opened": "" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ton-yang-road", "as": "Its famous stretch.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "route-11", "as": "What replaced it.", "rel": "highway" } ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-106", "s:cmu-thesis-2548" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-106" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "route-106/route-106-hoge-bomen-langs-weg-106-p-20161219-a.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Hoge bomen langs weg 106 P 20161219 a.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Hoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P_20161219_a.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P_20161219_a.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "FredTC", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Het gedeelte van de Noord-Thaise weg 106 dat tussen Chiang Mai en Lamphun loopt, wordt ook wel de \"oude Chiang Mai - Lamphun weg\" genoemd. Het gedeelte daarvan dat in de provincie Chiang Mai ligt, hee", "date": "2016-12-19 16:13:08", "primary": true, "sha256": "6b1698d1f0e7e35e14854f7dd5d48a951cb038318695257df41521caaa7c8dbc" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ton-yang-road", "type": "road", "name": "The Yang Tree Road, Chiang Mai to Lamphun", "as": "The whole road." }, { "from": "map-ams-chiang-mai", "type": "map", "name": "The Army Map Service sheet, NE 47-6 Chiang Mai", "as": "The main line south on it." } ] }, { "id": "route-107", "type": "highway", "names": { "name": "Route 107, north to Fang", "th": "ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 107 — เชียงใหม่–ฝาง", "said": "240 km north, four lanes to Mae Rim and now to Chiang Dao.", "said_th": "240 กิโลขึ้นเหนือ สี่เลนถึงแม่ริม และตอนนี้ถึงเชียงดาว" }, "region": [ "intercity" ], "facets": { "direction": "north", "ref": "107", "km": 240.301, "era": "siam" }, "text": { "what": "From Chang Phueak Gate through Mae Rim, Mae Taeng, Chiang Dao, Fang and Mae Ai to Route 1 at Mae Chan, 240.3 km, a pre-1937 road. City to Mae Rim is four to six lanes of concrete; Mae Rim to Chiang Dao mostly four. A four-lane contract for 14.3 km between Fang and Mae Ai runs July 2025 to September 2027. The Mae Malai turn onto Route 1095 for Pai is at km 35." }, "text_th": { "what": "จากประตูช้างเผือกผ่านแม่ริม แม่แตง เชียงดาว ฝาง แม่อาย ถึงทางหลวง 1 ที่แม่จัน 240.3 กม. ถนนก่อนปี 2480 ในเมืองถึงแม่ริมสี่ถึงหกเลนคอนกรีต แม่ริมถึงเชียงดาวส่วนใหญ่สี่เลน สัญญาสี่เลน 14.3 กม. ระหว่างฝางกับแม่อาย กรกฎาคม 2568 ถึงกันยายน 2570 ทางแยกแม่มาลัยเข้าทางหลวง 1095 ไปปายอยู่ที่ กม.35" }, "road": { "ref": "107", "km": 240.301, "km_source": "s:thwp-107", "from": "Chang Phueak Gate", "from_th": "ประตูช้างเผือก", "to": "Mae Chan, Chiang Rai", "to_th": "แม่จัน เชียงราย", "osm_refs": [ "107" ], "opened": "" }, "kin": [ { "to": "chotana-road", "as": "Its city name.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "route-1095", "as": "Turns off it at km 35.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "chang-phueak-gate", "as": "Its start.", "rel": "gate" } ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-107", "s:doh-aadt" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-107" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "route-107/route-107-chiang-dao-thailand-panoramio-gary4now-1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Dao, Thailand - panoramio - gary4now (1).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Chiang_Dao%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_-_gary4now_%281%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Dao%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_-_gary4now_%281%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "author": "gary4now", "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161017152929/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/47788894", "alt": "Chiang Dao, Thailand", "date": "Taken on 20 October 2009", "primary": true, "sha256": "669ad88edbe7fba9b1361177f4c239fa9377a2d431882c04c9620e911d976863" }, { "file": "route-107/route-107-map-of-thailand-highway-107.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Map of Thailand Highway 107.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Map_of_Thailand_Highway_107.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMap_of_Thailand_Highway_107.png", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "SARANPHONG YIMKLAN", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Map of Thailand Highway 107", "date": "2016-03-14", "primary": false, "sha256": "b7ea961420c61460c7db416bdf89a3de1b8648350ebf27c1664ac50845639576" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "chotana-road", "type": "road", "name": "Chotana Road", "as": "The whole road." }, { "from": "chang-phueak-gate", "type": "gate", "name": "Chang Phueak Gate", "as": "The road that leaves from here." }, { "from": "route-1095", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 1095, the curve road to Pai", "as": "What it turns off." }, { "from": "tim-chotana", "type": "person", "name": "Tim Chotana", "as": "The road." } ] }, { "id": "route-108", "type": "highway", "names": { "name": "Route 108, southwest to Mae Hong Son", "th": "ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 108 — เชียงใหม่–แม่ฮ่องสอน", "said": "349 km, and it changes character at a roundabout in Hot.", "said_th": "349 กิโล และมันเปลี่ยนนิสัยตรงวงเวียนฮอด" }, "region": [ "intercity" ], "facets": { "direction": "southwest", "ref": "108", "km": 349.359, "era": "siam" }, "text": { "what": "Through Hang Dong, San Pa Tong and Chom Thong to Hot, 88 km of four to six lanes, then 265 km of two-lane mountain road through Mae Sariang and Khun Yuam to Mae Hong Son: 349.359 km. The Hang Dong road was built in 1899 with khi-lek trees for the Burma trade, made a two-lane gravel road in the 1970s, concreted from 1986 and widened to four and six lanes in 1989–92. The whole route was a dirt road by 1963, asphalt by 1990 and complete in 1998. The 2024 count at km 7.65 read 41,450 vehicles a day and 16,378 motorcycles.", "story": "*Inference —* it is the long way round the Mae Hong Son loop, and the loop site counts its curves; this site only claims its first eighty-eight kilometres, which are the flat ones.", "notes": "The 1931 city map labels the road out of the southwest corner TO HANG DONG & CHOM THONG, in Thai and English, thirty-two years after Phraya Surasi is said to have built it and twenty-six before the formal dirt road." }, "text_th": { "what": "ผ่านหางดง สันป่าตอง จอมทอง ถึงฮอด 88 กม. สี่ถึงหกเลน แล้วต่อด้วยถนนภูเขาสองเลน 265 กม. ผ่านแม่สะเรียง ขุนยวม ถึงแม่ฮ่องสอน รวม 349.359 กม. ถนนหางดงสร้างปี 2442 ปลูกต้นขี้เหล็กเพื่อการค้ากับพม่า เป็นถนนลูกรังสองเลนในทศวรรษ 2510 เทคอนกรีตตั้งแต่ 2529 ขยายสี่และหกเลน 2532–35 ทั้งสายเป็นถนนดินภายในปี 2506 ลาดยางภายในปี 2533 เสร็จ 2541 จุดนับ กม.7.65 ปี 2567 อ่านได้ 41,450 คันต่อวัน จักรยานยนต์ 16,378", "story": "*อนุมาน —* มันคือทางอ้อมของวงรอบแม่ฮ่องสอน และเว็บวงรอบนับโค้งของมัน เว็บนี้อ้างแค่แปดสิบแปดกิโลเมตรแรก ซึ่งเป็นช่วงราบ", "notes": "แผนที่เมืองปี 2474 กำกับถนนที่ออกจากมุมตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ว่า ไปอำเภอหางดงและจอมทอง ทั้งไทยและอังกฤษ สามสิบสองปีหลังที่ว่าเจ้าพระยาสุรสีห์สร้างมัน และยี่สิบหกปีก่อนถนนดินอย่างเป็นทางการ" }, "road": { "ref": "108", "km": 349.359, "km_source": "s:thwp-108", "from": "Chiang Mai", "from_th": "เชียงใหม่", "to": "Mae Hong Son", "to_th": "แม่ฮ่องสอน", "osm_refs": [ "108" ], "opened": "" }, "kin": [ { "to": "phraya-surasi", "as": "Built the Hang Dong road.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "ring-3-interchanges", "as": "The Samoeng interchange is on it.", "rel": "plan" }, { "to": "map-1931", "as": "Where it is labelled.", "rel": "map" } ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-108", "s:cmu-thesis-2548", "s:doh-aadt", "s:motdang-loop", "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-108" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "route-108/route-108-road-108-new-construction-mae-hong-son-province.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Road 108 new construction Mae Hong Son province.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Road_108_new_construction_Mae_Hong_Son_province.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARoad_108_new_construction_Mae_Hong_Son_province.JPG", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Takeaway", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "A new bridge is built for road 108. Photo was made in March 2010.", "date": "2010-03-13", "primary": true, "sha256": "bf88fcbaea6dac8571099ecc243987b106f4d2ca01eb1ab87ceb96d1abca0244" }, { "file": "route-108/route-108-spirit-houses-at-lampang-chiang-mai-highway-panoramio.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Spirit houses at Lampang-Chiang Mai highway - panoramio.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Spirit_houses_at_Lampang-Chiang_Mai_highway_-_panoramio.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASpirit_houses_at_Lampang-Chiang_Mai_highway_-_panoramio.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Andreas Hörstemeier", "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161010151416/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/914963", "alt": "Spirit houses at Lampang-Chiang Mai highway", "date": "20 February 2007 (original upload date)", "primary": false, "sha256": "3777df20d6a2864af54302f911171d93fccb9e8b66531a26916c3711df4f6479" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "route-1269", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 1269, Samoeng", "as": "Where it comes out." }, { "from": "era-lanna-and-burma", "type": "era", "name": "1300s–1700s — Lanna and Burma", "as": "The old track to Burma." }, { "from": "map-1931", "type": "map", "name": "The 1931 city map", "as": "Labelled TO HANG DONG & CHOM THONG." }, { "from": "phraya-surasi", "type": "person", "name": "Chao Phraya Surasi Wisitsak", "as": "The other road." } ] }, { "id": "route-1095", "type": "highway", "names": { "name": "Route 1095, the curve road to Pai", "th": "ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 1095 — ถนนสายปาย", "said": "204 km, two thousand curves by its own account, and the fastest-growing count in the province.", "said_th": "204 กิโล สองพันโค้งตามที่มันว่าเอง และจุดนับที่โตเร็วสุดในจังหวัด" }, "region": [ "intercity" ], "facets": { "direction": "northwest", "ref": "1095", "km": 204.023, "era": "siam" }, "text": { "what": "From Ban Nong Khong on Route 107 through Pai and Pang Mapha to Mae Hong Son, 204.023 km, realigned to its present start in 1994. Thai Wikipedia gives it more than 2,000 curves; the shirts in Pai say 1,864, a figure this project's sister site measured against the map. The 2020 count at km 0.7 was 2,631 vehicles a day; the 2025 count 5,782, more than double in five years." }, "text_th": { "what": "จากบ้านหนองโค้งบนทางหลวง 107 ผ่านปาย ปางมะผ้า ถึงแม่ฮ่องสอน 204.023 กม. ย้ายจุดเริ่มมาที่ปัจจุบันปี 2537 วิกิพีเดียไทยว่ากว่า 2,000 โค้ง เสื้อที่ปายว่า 1,864 ตัวเลขที่เว็บพี่น้องของโครงการนี้วัดเทียบแผนที่ จุดนับ กม.0.7 ปี 2563 ได้ 2,631 คันต่อวัน ปี 2568 ได้ 5,782 มากกว่าสองเท่าในห้าปี" }, "road": { "ref": "1095", "km": 204.023, "km_source": "s:thwp-1095", "from": "Nong Khong, Mae Taeng", "from_th": "หนองโค้ง แม่แตง", "to": "Mae Hong Son", "to_th": "แม่ฮ่องสอน", "osm_refs": [ "1095" ], "opened": "" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-107", "as": "What it turns off.", "rel": "highway" } ], "tags": [ "motorbike" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-1095", "s:doh-aadt", "s:motdang-loop" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-1095" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "route-1095/route-1095-thailand-route-1095.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Thailand Route 1095.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Thailand_Route_1095.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AThailand_Route_1095.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Christophe95", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Thailand Route 1095 and a minibus going from Chiang Mai to Pai in Mae Taeng District, Chiang Mai Province.", "date": "2018-08-29 14:08:13", "primary": true, "sha256": "98d29fc18592e9627c27b08638368c3501bd901d778593d82f7bf4e4b77837fc" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "route-107", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 107, north to Fang", "as": "Turns off it at km 35." }, { "from": "nine-roads-programme", "type": "plan", "name": "The nine roads, 2025–27", "as": "On the list." } ] }, { "id": "route-11", "type": "highway", "names": { "name": "Route 11, the Superhighway", "th": "ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 11 — ถนนซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์", "said": "562.7 km from Sing Buri, and the last ten are the city's first ring.", "said_th": "562.7 กิโลจากสิงห์บุรี และสิบกิโลสุดท้ายคือวงแหวนแรกของเมือง" }, "region": [ "intercity" ], "facets": { "direction": "south", "ref": "11", "km": 562.673, "era": "superhighway" }, "text": { "what": "From the Inthaburi interchange on Route 32 in Sing Buri to Huay Kaew Road in Chiang Mai, 562.673 km, Asian Highway 13. The Lampang–Chiang Mai section was built in 1968–69 by the Lampang highway centre, two lanes, to shorten the road to Bangkok, and its final ten kilometres skirt the city as the Superhighway. Four-laning from 2001, most of it done by 2012. The 2025 counts on the city stretch read 67,150 and 62,422 vehicles a day.", "story": "*Inference —* the name is a fossil. In 1969 a two-lane road with a hard shoulder was a superhighway; the word stuck to the road while the road became a city street with traffic lights, and the highway department has spent the 2000s and 2010s digging under those lights one by one." }, "text_th": { "what": "จากทางแยกต่างระดับอินทร์บุรีบนทางหลวง 32 ที่สิงห์บุรีถึงถนนห้วยแก้วเชียงใหม่ 562.673 กม. ทางหลวงเอเชีย 13 ช่วงลำปาง–เชียงใหม่สร้างปี 2511–12 โดยศูนย์สร้างทางลำปาง สองเลน เพื่อย่นทางไปกรุงเทพฯ และสิบกิโลเมตรสุดท้ายเลียบเมืองเป็นซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ ขยายสี่เลนตั้งแต่ 2544 ส่วนใหญ่เสร็จ 2555 จุดนับช่วงในเมืองปี 2568 อ่านได้ 67,150 และ 62,422 คันต่อวัน", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ชื่อคือฟอสซิล ปี 2512 ถนนสองเลนมีไหล่ทางคือซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ คำติดอยู่กับถนนขณะที่ถนนกลายเป็นถนนในเมืองมีไฟแดง และกรมทางหลวงใช้ทศวรรษ 2540 และ 2550 ขุดลอดไฟแดงเหล่านั้นทีละแห่ง" }, "road": { "ref": "11", "km": 562.673, "km_source": "s:thwp-11", "from": "Inthaburi, Sing Buri", "from_th": "อินทร์บุรี สิงห์บุรี", "to": "Huay Kaew Road, Chiang Mai", "to_th": "ถนนห้วยแก้ว เชียงใหม่", "osm_refs": [ "11" ], "opened": "1969" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-1", "as": "What its last ten km became.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "ton-yang-road", "as": "The road it took the traffic off.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "khuang-sing-underpass", "as": "Dug under it.", "rel": "junction" }, { "to": "fa-ham-underpass", "as": "Dug under it.", "rel": "junction" }, { "to": "era-superhighway-1969", "as": "Its era.", "rel": "era" } ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-11", "s:wp-route-11", "s:cmu-thesis-2548", "s:mgr-9630000089345", "s:doh-aadt" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-11" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "route-11/route-11-thai-highway-11.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Thai Highway 11.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Thai_Highway_11.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AThai_Highway_11.jpg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "author": "ผู้สร้างสรรค์ผลงาน/ส่งข้อมูลเก็บในคลังข้อมูลเสรีวิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์ - เทวประภาส มากคล้าย", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Thai Highway 11Location: Wat Khung Taphao, Ban Khung Taphao, Khung Taphao subdistrict, Mueang Uttaradit, Uttaradit Province, Thailand.", "date": "2009", "primary": true, "sha256": "36dbd379d06bdbaf11aa6d2cd70ca520c22d96e72bcf4a07e27941db39a464db" }, { "file": "route-11/route-11-welcome-to-uttaradit-sign-over-highway-11.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Welcome to Uttaradit sign over highway 11.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Welcome_to_Uttaradit_sign_over_highway_11.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWelcome_to_Uttaradit_sign_over_highway_11.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Takeaway", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "A sign over highway number 11, welcoming visitors to Uttaradit.", "date": "2014-01-07 13:33:56", "primary": false, "sha256": "506f467a90bdc46babcce1ab7fd0e193a6f8db36bbe748e6c3df2ce325e158ad" }, { "file": "route-11/route-11-phap-mueang-thai-1943-p-061.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phap Mueang Thai (1943, p 061).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Phap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_061%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APhap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_061%29.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Office of the Prime Minister", "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file", "alt": "This picture is described as follows:\nOriginal caption: \"A bridge over the Wang River, Lampang.\"\nUploader's caption: Perhaps referring to Ratsadaphisek Bridge.", "date": "1943-07-14", "primary": false, "sha256": "e8bf157cf8b45d342c5c12ace595d092b52053611a7a24a857da47a4a6b180a7" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ton-yang-road", "type": "road", "name": "The Yang Tree Road, Chiang Mai to Lamphun", "as": "The bypass that spared it." }, { "from": "ring-1", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 1, the Superhighway ring", "as": "North and east." }, { "from": "fa-ham-underpass", "type": "junction", "name": "Fa Ham underpass", "as": "Under it." }, { "from": "khuang-sing-underpass", "type": "junction", "name": "Khuang Sing underpass", "as": "Under it." }, { "from": "route-1", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 1, Phahonyothin, and the 696 km to Bangkok", "as": "The road that joins it." }, { "from": "route-106", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 106, the old road south", "as": "What replaced it." }, { "from": "era-superhighway-1969", "type": "era", "name": "1960s–70s — the Superhighway", "as": "The road." }, { "from": "map-ams-chiang-mai", "type": "map", "name": "The Army Map Service sheet, NE 47-6 Chiang Mai", "as": "What came fifteen years later." }, { "from": "map-shell-1958", "type": "map", "name": "The Shell wall map, about 1958", "as": "What came ten years later." }, { "from": "the-trees-on-the-lamphun-road", "type": "story", "name": "The trees on the Lamphun road", "as": "The bypass." }, { "from": "arcade-bus-terminal", "type": "place", "name": "Arcade bus terminal", "as": "Beside it." } ] }, { "id": "route-118", "type": "highway", "names": { "name": "Route 118, to Chiang Rai", "th": "ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 118 — เชียงใหม่–เชียงราย", "said": "158.5 km over the mountains, and the last 17.5 km of four-laning due 2026.", "said_th": "158.5 กิโลข้ามดอย และ 17.5 กิโลสุดท้ายของสี่เลนกำหนด 2569" }, "region": [ "intercity" ], "facets": { "direction": "northeast", "ref": "118", "km": 158.65, "era": "now" }, "text": { "what": "Chiang Mai to Doi Saket, Wiang Pa Pao, Mae Suai and Mae Lao on Route 1, 158.65 km. The first 14 km out of the city are four to eight lanes and the 2024 count at km 0.5 read 82,500 vehicles a day, the second busiest station in the province. The whole road is being four-laned: Chiang Mai–Doi Saket 20.2 km done October 2008; Pong Pha Tong–Ban Pong 28.5 km October 2019; Pa Miang–Pang Nam Thu 9.25 km March 2020; five sections of 42.8 km in 2020–21; and the last stretch from Mae Suai to Route 1, 17.473 km for 2,000 million baht, under contract for 2026." }, "text_th": { "what": "เชียงใหม่ถึงดอยสะเก็ด เวียงป่าเป้า แม่สรวย และแม่ลาวบนทางหลวง 1 158.65 กม. 14 กม. แรกออกจากเมืองเป็นสี่ถึงแปดเลน จุดนับ กม.0.5 ปี 2567 อ่านได้ 82,500 คันต่อวัน สถานีที่รถมากเป็นอันดับสองของจังหวัด ทั้งสายกำลังขยายสี่เลน เชียงใหม่–ดอยสะเก็ด 20.2 กม. เสร็จตุลาคม 2551 โป่งผาทอง–บ้านโป่ง 28.5 กม. ตุลาคม 2562 ป่าเมี่ยง–ปางน้ำถุ 9.25 กม. มีนาคม 2563 ห้าช่วง 42.8 กม. ปี 2563–64 และช่วงสุดท้ายแม่สรวยถึงทางหลวง 1 17.473 กม. 2,000 ล้านบาท สัญญากำหนด 2569" }, "road": { "ref": "118", "km": 158.65, "km_source": "s:thwp-118", "from": "Chiang Mai", "from_th": "เชียงใหม่", "to": "Mae Lao, Chiang Rai", "to_th": "แม่ลาว เชียงราย", "osm_refs": [ "118" ], "opened": "" }, "kin": [ { "to": "motorway-chiang-mai-chiang-rai", "as": "The road that would bypass it.", "rel": "plan" }, { "to": "fa-ham-underpass", "as": "Its junction with the Superhighway.", "rel": "junction" } ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-118", "s:feasy-118", "s:cri108-15492", "s:doh-aadt" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-118" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "route-118/route-118-ban-wiang-pa-pao-panoramio-chamrat-charoenkhet-2.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ban Wiang Pa Pao - panoramio - CHAMRAT CHAROENKHET (2).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Ban_Wiang_Pa_Pao_-_panoramio_-_CHAMRAT_CHAROENKHET_%282%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABan_Wiang_Pa_Pao_-_panoramio_-_CHAMRAT_CHAROENKHET_%282%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "author": "CHAMRAT CHAROENKHET", "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170830174322/http://www.panoramio.com:80/photo/9668935", "alt": "Ban Wiang Pa Pao", "date": "Taken on 17 April 2008", "primary": true, "sha256": "50c7cc480ba34d4bc9717035e93fc8e2fd0a0e9f14639a9a316b94c1ad4e69f7" }, { "file": "route-118/route-118-th-hw-118-map-2.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:TH HW 118 map 2.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/TH_HW_118_map_2.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ATH_HW_118_map_2.png", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "SARANPHONG YIMKLAN", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "TH HW 118 map 2", "date": "2016-03-15", "primary": false, "sha256": "9c4ceaa04b788ad52681d09632e5657fd1306a49f711a2eb4cb57ca14f60c2de" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "motorway-chiang-mai-chiang-rai", "type": "plan", "name": "Chiang Mai–Chiang Rai motorway, MR1-3", "as": "What it would bypass." }, { "from": "route-118-four-lanes", "type": "plan", "name": "Four-laning Route 118 to Chiang Rai", "as": "The road." }, { "from": "map-bock-1881", "type": "map", "name": "Bock's route to the north, 1881", "as": "What the journey is now." } ] }, { "id": "route-1269", "type": "highway", "names": { "name": "Route 1269, Samoeng", "th": "ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 1269 — สะเมิง", "said": "36 km of practice curves, an hour from a hotel in the moat.", "said_th": "36 กิโลของโค้งซ้อมมือ ชั่วโมงเดียวจากโฮงแฮมในเวียง" }, "region": [ "intercity" ], "facets": { "direction": "west", "ref": "1269", "km": 36.319, "era": "siam" }, "text": { "what": "Samoeng to Ton Kwen, 36.319 km, the road that with Route 1096 makes the Samoeng day loop. The loop site measured it denser in curves than the famous road to Pai. Build year not on this disk." }, "text_th": { "what": "สะเมิงถึงต้นเกว๋น 36.319 กม. ถนนที่ร่วมกับทางหลวง 1096 เป็นวงรอบสะเมิงวันเดียว เว็บวงรอบวัดว่าโค้งแน่นกว่าถนนสายปายที่โด่งดัง ปีสร้างบ่มีในแผ่นนี้" }, "road": { "ref": "1269", "km": 36.319, "km_source": "s:thwp-highway-list", "from": "Samoeng", "from_th": "สะเมิง", "to": "Ton Kwen, Hang Dong", "to_th": "ต้นเกว๋น หางดง", "osm_refs": [ "1269" ], "opened": "" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-108", "as": "Where it comes out.", "rel": "highway" } ], "tags": [ "motorbike" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-highway-list", "s:motdang-loop" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-highway-list" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "san-pa-tong-underpass", "type": "junction", "name": "San Pa Tong–Hang Dong bypass underpass", "as": "To it." } ] }, { "id": "route-1317", "type": "highway", "names": { "name": "Route 1317, the new San Kamphaeng road", "th": "ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 1317 — สันกำแพงสายใหม่", "said": "37 km east, and the San Klang interchange half built.", "said_th": "37 กิโลไปตะวันออก และแยกสันกลางสร้างไปครึ่ง" }, "region": [ "intercity" ], "facets": { "direction": "east", "ref": "1317", "km": 36.991, "era": "siam" }, "text": { "what": "Don Chan on Mahidol Road east to Huay Kaew in San Kamphaeng, 36.991 km, the newer of the two roads to San Kamphaeng. 59,248 vehicles a day at km 1 in 2025. Its crossing of the outer ring at San Klang is getting a 1,425 million baht interchange, more than half built." }, "text_th": { "what": "ดอนจั่นบนถนนมหิดลไปตะวันออกถึงห้วยแก้ว สันกำแพง 36.991 กม. ถนนสายใหม่กว่าในสองสายไปสันกำแพง 59,248 คันต่อวันที่ กม.1 ปี 2568 จุดตัดวงแหวนรอบนอกที่สันกลางกำลังได้ทางแยกต่างระดับ 1,425 ล้านบาท สร้างไปกว่าครึ่ง" }, "road": { "ref": "1317", "km": 36.991, "km_source": "s:thwp-highway-list", "from": "Don Chan", "from_th": "ดอนจั่น", "to": "Huay Kaew, San Kamphaeng", "to_th": "ห้วยแก้ว สันกำแพง", "osm_refs": [ "1317" ], "opened": "" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-1006", "as": "The old road.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "ring-3-interchanges", "as": "San Klang.", "rel": "plan" } ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-highway-list", "s:doh-aadt", "s:thaipbs-353092" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-highway-list" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "route-1317/route-1317-thailand-traffic-signs-working-sites-04.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Thailand Traffic-signs Working-sites-04.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Thailand_Traffic-signs_Working-sites-04.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AThailand_Traffic-signs_Working-sites-04.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Traffic signs in Thailand: Working site (Photo taken at Chiang Mai University)", "date": "2017-04-19", "primary": true, "sha256": "ad3284f9ed5ba23de85b95fc9809386d9cba7de77dde09200f8b03a93003a2a3" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "san-klang-interchange", "type": "junction", "name": "San Klang interchange", "as": "Through it." }, { "from": "route-1006", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 1006, the old San Kamphaeng road", "as": "The new road." }, { "from": "lanna-airport", "type": "plan", "name": "Lanna Airport, the second airport at Ban Thi", "as": "The road that would serve it." } ] }, { "id": "comprehensive-plan-2026", "type": "plan", "names": { "name": "The new comprehensive plan, 2026", "th": "ผังเมืองรวมเมืองเชียงใหม่ ฉบับใหม่ 2569", "said": "1,428.9 km², fifteen land-use classes, 51 project roads: 18 added, 7 dropped.", "said_th": "1,428.9 ตร.กม. สิบห้าประเภทการใช้ที่ดิน ถนนโครงการ 51 สาย เพิ่ม 18 ตัด 7" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "status": "funded", "era": "planned" }, "text": { "what": "The cabinet approved the draft on 17 March 2026: 1,428.90 km² over Mueang, San Sai, Mae Rim, Hang Dong, Saraphi and parts of Doi Saket and San Kamphaeng; land-use classes from eleven to fifteen; 18 project roads added and 7 dropped. The draft carries 51 project roads by right of way: class ก 12 m, 11 routes; ข 16 m, 29; ค 20 m, 8; ง 60 m, 3. The old city keeps its 12 m height cap. The first plan of 1984 drew rings two and three; the 1989 revision fixed them; the 2012 plan's height rules were amended in 2019 in named low-density zones.", "story": "*Inference —* three roads of 60 m right of way is the line to read twice. A 60 m corridor is a motorway reservation, and the plan does not say where they go; the Isranews summary does not either. Not on this disk." }, "text_th": { "what": "ครม. เห็นชอบร่าง 17 มีนาคม 2569 1,428.90 ตร.กม. ครอบคลุมเมือง สันทราย แม่ริม หางดง สารภี และบางส่วนของดอยสะเก็ดกับสันกำแพง ประเภทการใช้ที่ดินจากสิบเอ็ดเป็นสิบห้า เพิ่มถนนโครงการ 18 สาย ตัด 7 ร่างมีถนนโครงการ 51 สายตามเขตทาง ประเภท ก 12 เมตร 11 สาย ข 16 เมตร 29 สาย ค 20 เมตร 8 สาย ง 60 เมตร 3 สาย เวียงเก่าคงเพดาน 12 เมตร ผังแรกปี 2527 วาดวงแหวนสองและสาม ฉบับแก้ 2532 กำหนดแนว กฎความสูงของผัง 2555 แก้ปี 2562 ในย่านความหนาแน่นต่ำที่ระบุชื่อ", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ถนนเขตทาง 60 เมตรสามสายคือบรรทัดที่ควรอ่านสองรอบ เขตทาง 60 เมตรคือการกันที่สำหรับมอเตอร์เวย์ และผังไม่บอกว่ามันไปไหน สรุปของอิศราก็บ่บอก บ่มีในแผ่นนี้" }, "plan": { "status": "funded", "as_of": "2026-03", "agency": "Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning", "agency_th": "กรมโยธาธิการและผังเมือง", "announced": "2026-03-17" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-2", "as": "Drawn by its 1984 ancestor.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "era-now", "as": "Its era.", "rel": "era" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:prd-485975", "s:isranews-146077", "s:cmnews-1374432", "s:mgr-9620000055662", "s:urbanis-5712" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:prd-485975" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "era-now", "type": "era", "name": "2010s–2020s — going under, and going up", "as": "The plan." } ] }, { "id": "elevated-121", "type": "plan", "names": { "name": "An elevated road on the outer ring, Don Kaew to Mueang Kaew", "th": "ทางยกระดับบนทางหลวง 121 ดอนแก้ว–เมืองแก้ว", "said": "20.9 km on stilts along the canal road, about 2,000 million baht, and it might block the mountain.", "said_th": "20.9 กิโลบนเสาเลียบถนนคลองชลประทาน ราว 2,000 ล้านบาท และอาจบังดอย" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "status": "study", "era": "planned" }, "text": { "what": "The highway department, not the expressway authority, studied six models from March 2025 for an elevated road on the west side of Route 121, 20.857 km. Model five was preferred at about 2,000 million baht, 1,000 to build, 500 for land and 500 to operate, about two and a half years, with congestion cut by more than half; the objection recorded is that it may block the view of Doi Suthep. An initial and then a full environmental assessment are required. Separately the department held a hearing on redesigning the canal road for congestion." }, "text_th": { "what": "กรมทางหลวง ไม่ใช่การทางพิเศษ ศึกษาหกรูปแบบตั้งแต่มีนาคม 2568 สำหรับทางยกระดับด้านตะวันตกของทางหลวง 121 ยาว 20.857 กม. รูปแบบที่ห้าเป็นที่ต้องการ ราว 2,000 ล้านบาท ก่อสร้าง 1,000 ที่ดิน 500 ดำเนินการ 500 ราวสองปีครึ่ง ลดการติดขัดกว่าครึ่ง ข้อคัดค้านที่บันทึกไว้คืออาจบังวิวดอยสุเทพ ต้องทำรายงานสิ่งแวดล้อมเบื้องต้นแล้วฉบับเต็ม อีกทางหนึ่งกรมจัดรับฟังความเห็นเรื่องออกแบบถนนคลองชลประทานใหม่แก้รถติด" }, "plan": { "status": "study", "as_of": "2025", "budget_thb": 2000000000, "km": 20.857, "agency": "Department of Highways", "agency_th": "กรมทางหลวง" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-3", "as": "On it.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "doi-suthep", "as": "What it might hide.", "rel": "place" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:citylife-big-development" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:citylife-big-development" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "ring-3", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 3, Route 121", "as": "The road on top." }, { "from": "doi-suthep", "type": "place", "name": "Doi Suthep", "as": "The plan judged against its view." } ] }, { "id": "hsr-bangkok-chiang-mai", "type": "plan", "names": { "name": "Bangkok–Chiang Mai high-speed rail", "th": "รถไฟความเร็วสูงกรุงเทพฯ–เชียงใหม่", "said": "668 km, 445,303 million baht, and phase one postponed until another line is finished.", "said_th": "668 กิโล 445,303 ล้านบาท และระยะแรกเลื่อนจนกว่าอีกสายจะเสร็จ" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "status": "shelved", "era": "planned" }, "text": { "what": "The northern Shinkansen line: Bangkok–Phitsanulok 380 km, Phitsanulok–Chiang Mai 288 km, 668 km in all (688 by Isranews), 445,303 million baht for both phases. Cabinet approvals 2012; a memorandum with Japan's transport ministry 2015. In October 2024 phase one was postponed until Bangkok–Nong Khai is done; phase two is targeted for 2033–42. There is no Chiang Mai–Lampang line on its own." }, "text_th": { "what": "รถไฟชินคันเซ็นสายเหนือ กรุงเทพฯ–พิษณุโลก 380 กม. พิษณุโลก–เชียงใหม่ 288 กม. รวม 668 กม. (อิศราให้ 688) 445,303 ล้านบาททั้งสองระยะ ครม. เห็นชอบ 2555 บันทึกความเข้าใจกับกระทรวงคมนาคมญี่ปุ่น 2558 ตุลาคม 2567 ระยะแรกเลื่อนจนกว่ากรุงเทพฯ–หนองคายจะเสร็จ ระยะสองตั้งเป้า 2576–85 ไม่มีสายเชียงใหม่–ลำปางแยกต่างหาก" }, "plan": { "status": "shelved", "as_of": "2024-10", "budget_thb": 445303000000, "km": 668, "agency": "State Railway of Thailand", "agency_th": "การรถไฟแห่งประเทศไทย", "due": "2033–42 (phase 2 target)" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-1", "as": "The 696 km it would replace.", "rel": "highway" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-hsr", "s:isranews-125644" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-hsr" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "route-1", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 1, Phahonyothin, and the 696 km to Bangkok", "as": "The train that would replace the drive." } ] }, { "id": "lanna-airport", "type": "plan", "names": { "name": "Lanna Airport, the second airport at Ban Thi", "th": "สนามบินล้านนา สนามบินแห่งที่สองที่บ้านธิ", "said": "8,050 rai, 70,000 million baht, 24 million passengers a year, build 2027 to 2032.", "said_th": "8,050 ไร่ 70,000 ล้านบาท 24 ล้านคนต่อปี สร้าง 2570 ถึง 2575" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "status": "study", "era": "planned" }, "text": { "what": "A second airport across the provincial line at Ban Thi, Lamphun, beside San Kamphaeng: about 8,050 rai, about 70,000 million baht, 24 million passengers a year, two runways, 41 movements an hour, 38 stands. Design and expropriation decree Q4 2025, tender Q1 2027, construction Q2 2027, completion Q3 2032. Residents' concerns are on record at the feasibility stage. The existing airport gets a 24,000 million baht upgrade from 2025 to reach 20 million a year by 2027." }, "text_th": { "what": "สนามบินแห่งที่สองข้ามเขตจังหวัดที่บ้านธิ ลำพูน ข้างสันกำแพง ราว 8,050 ไร่ ราว 70,000 ล้านบาท 24 ล้านคนต่อปี สองทางวิ่ง 41 เที่ยวต่อชั่วโมง 38 หลุมจอด ออกแบบและพระราชกฤษฎีกาเวนคืนไตรมาส 4 ปี 2568 ประมูลไตรมาส 1 ปี 2570 ก่อสร้างไตรมาส 2 ปี 2570 เสร็จไตรมาส 3 ปี 2575 ความกังวลของชาวบ้านมีบันทึกในขั้นศึกษาความเป็นไปได้ สนามบินเดิมได้งบปรับปรุง 24,000 ล้านบาทตั้งแต่ 2568 เพื่อรับ 20 ล้านคนต่อปีภายใน 2570" }, "plan": { "status": "study", "as_of": "2025", "budget_thb": 70000000000, "agency": "Airports of Thailand", "agency_th": "ทอท.", "due": "2032" }, "kin": [ { "to": "chiang-mai-airport", "as": "What it would relieve.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "route-1317", "as": "The road that would serve it.", "rel": "highway" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:bkkbiz-1153345", "s:thaipbs-353092", "s:citylife-aot" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:bkkbiz-1153345" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "lanna-airport/lanna-airport-panoramic-view-of-chiang-mai-international-airport-i.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Panoramic view of Chiang Mai International Airport (I).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Panoramic_view_of_Chiang_Mai_International_Airport_%28I%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APanoramic_view_of_Chiang_Mai_International_Airport_%28I%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "author": "This Photo was taken by Supanut Arunoprayote.\n\nFeel free to use any of my images, but please mention me as the author and may send me a message. (สามารถใช้ภาพได้อิสระ แต่กรุณาใส่เครดิตผู้ถ่ายและอาจส่", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Panoramic view of Chiang Mai International Airport from Doi Suthep.", "date": "2022-08-01 14:25:52", "primary": true, "sha256": "82eb6450ea78e0a1aeea97379eb0634656c5f74a5608c6d70759cb6d5c28b01b" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "airport-passengers", "type": "traffic", "name": "The airport, by passengers", "as": "The second one." }, { "from": "chiang-mai-airport", "type": "place", "name": "Chiang Mai Airport", "as": "Its planned successor." } ] }, { "id": "lrt-red-line", "type": "plan", "names": { "name": "Chiang Mai light rail, the Red Line", "th": "รถไฟฟ้าเชียงใหม่ สายสีแดง", "said": "Approved 2018. Opening 2027, then 2031, then December 2032. 15.8 km, or 21, or 5.", "said_th": "อนุมัติ 2561 เปิด 2570 แล้ว 2574 แล้วธันวาคม 2575 ยาว 15.8 กิโล หรือ 21 หรือ 5" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "status": "study", "era": "planned" }, "text": { "what": "Nakhon Ping Hospital to Mae Hia Saman Samakkhi. The MRTA's Thai page gives 15.8 km, 16 stations, seven underground, about 27,000 million baht; its English page gives 21 km, 21 stations, 24,727 trips a day at opening, cabinet April 2027, construction October 2028, opening December 2032; Railway Gazette in April 2026 describes the current scheme as a 5 km tram with six stops from Royal Park Rajapruek to Mae Hia, tenders 2027, opening December 2032; Prachachat has the whole line at about 32,000 million. All four are live. English Wikipedia still says construction 2020, completion 2027.", "story": "*Inference —* a plan whose length has three published values is a plan being renegotiated in public. The hearing deck's own demand forecast runs from 3,301 to 5,773 passengers an hour per direction at opening depending on the case, which is a tram's worth, not a metro's, and the 5 km version reads as the department agreeing." }, "text_th": { "what": "โรงพยาบาลนครพิงค์ถึงแม่เหียะสมานสามัคคี หน้าไทยของ รฟม. ให้ 15.8 กม. 16 สถานี ใต้ดินเจ็ด ราว 27,000 ล้านบาท หน้าอังกฤษให้ 21 กม. 21 สถานี 24,727 เที่ยวต่อวันตอนเปิด ครม. เมษายน 2570 ก่อสร้างตุลาคม 2571 เปิดธันวาคม 2575 Railway Gazette เมษายน 2569 บรรยายแผนปัจจุบันเป็นแทรม 5 กม. หกป้ายจากอุทยานหลวงราชพฤกษ์ถึงแม่เหียะ ประมูล 2570 เปิดธันวาคม 2575 ประชาชาติให้ทั้งสายราว 32,000 ล้าน ทั้งสี่ยังออนไลน์อยู่ วิกิพีเดียอังกฤษยังว่าสร้าง 2563 เสร็จ 2570", "story": "*อนุมาน —* แผนที่ความยาวมีค่าเผยแพร่สามค่าคือแผนที่กำลังถูกต่อรองในที่สาธารณะ การพยากรณ์ในเอกสารรับฟังเองให้ 3,301 ถึง 5,773 คนต่อชั่วโมงต่อทิศตอนเปิดแล้วแต่กรณี ซึ่งเป็นขนาดแทรม ไม่ใช่รถไฟใต้ดิน และฉบับ 5 กม. อ่านเหมือนกรมยอมรับ" }, "plan": { "status": "study", "as_of": "2026-04", "budget_thb": 27000000000, "budget_note": "27,000 million on the MRTA Thai page; 32,000 million in Prachachat; the 5 km tram is uncosted on this disk", "km": 15.8, "agency": "MRTA", "agency_th": "รฟม.", "due": "2032-12", "stations": 16 }, "kin": [ { "to": "public-transport-share", "as": "The share it is meant to lift.", "rel": "traffic" }, { "to": "unesco-nomination", "as": "The underground route under the old town was flagged as a conflict.", "rel": "plan" }, { "to": "era-now", "as": "The train that keeps moving.", "rel": "era" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:mrta-red-line", "s:mrta-red-line-en", "s:railway-gazette-2026", "s:bkkbiz-1138649", "s:mgr-9680000121126", "s:mrta-hearing-deck", "s:wp-chiang-mai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:mrta-red-line" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "lrt-red-line/lrt-red-line-chiang-mai-thailand-chiang-mai-railway-station-08.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai Thailand Chiang-Mai-Railway-Station-08.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Chiang_Mai_Thailand_Chiang-Mai-Railway-Station-08.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_Thailand_Chiang-Mai-Railway-Station-08.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chiang Mai, Thailand: Steam locomotive in front of the Chiang Mai Railway Station", "date": "2017-04-17", "primary": true, "sha256": "b9af48c6f1a15365ff7a1b93635be3d84b384bdd86d962c13e5820e8d698df44" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "unesco-nomination", "type": "plan", "name": "The UNESCO nomination and the roads under it", "as": "The plan with the tunnel." }, { "from": "era-now", "type": "era", "name": "2010s–2020s — going under, and going up", "as": "The train that keeps moving." }, { "from": "public-transport-share", "type": "traffic", "name": "The public-transport share, and the target", "as": "The plan." }, { "from": "songthaew-count", "type": "traffic", "name": "The red trucks, counted", "as": "The rail that would join them." } ] }, { "id": "motorway-chiang-mai-chiang-rai", "type": "plan", "names": { "name": "Chiang Mai–Chiang Rai motorway, MR1-3", "th": "มอเตอร์เวย์เชียงใหม่–เชียงราย MR1-3", "said": "184 km, 101,174 million baht, 12,000 rai, and the department's own line: high cost, low return, maybe no investor.", "said_th": "184 กิโล 101,174 ล้านบาท 12,000 ไร่ และประโยคของกรมเอง ต้นทุนสูง ผลตอบแทนต่ำ อาจไม่มีเอกชนลงทุน" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "status": "study", "era": "planned" }, "text": { "what": "An intercity motorway from Saraphi to Wiang Chai under the MR-MAP plan, three alignments of 178 to 217 km put to hearing on 20 September 2022. The highway department's own summary: 184 km, 101,174 million baht, about 12,000 rai to expropriate, high cost and low return, and it may attract no private investor. An earlier study ran it via Lampang and Phayao.", "story": "*Inference —* the department has written the obituary into the proposal. Filed here as a study, because that is what it is until someone puts money against it." }, "text_th": { "what": "มอเตอร์เวย์ระหว่างเมืองจากสารภีถึงเวียงชัยภายใต้แผน MR-MAP สามแนว 178 ถึง 217 กม. รับฟังความเห็น 20 กันยายน 2565 สรุปของกรมทางหลวงเอง 184 กม. 101,174 ล้านบาท เวนคืนราว 12,000 ไร่ ต้นทุนสูง ผลตอบแทนต่ำ และอาจไม่มีเอกชนลงทุน การศึกษาก่อนหน้าให้ผ่านลำปางและพะเยา", "story": "*อนุมาน —* กรมเขียนคำไว้อาลัยไว้ในข้อเสนอแล้ว บันทึกไว้เป็นการศึกษา เพราะมันเป็นแค่นั้นจนกว่าจะมีใครวางเงิน" }, "plan": { "status": "study", "as_of": "2025", "budget_thb": 101174000000, "km": 184, "agency": "Department of Highways", "agency_th": "กรมทางหลวง", "announced": "2022" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-118", "as": "What it would bypass.", "rel": "highway" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:bkkauction-expropriate", "s:prd-121972" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:bkkauction-expropriate" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "route-118", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 118, to Chiang Rai", "as": "The road that would bypass it." } ] }, { "id": "nine-roads-programme", "type": "plan", "names": { "name": "The nine roads, 2025–27", "th": "เก้าสายทาง 2568–70", "said": "The highway department's list for the province, three years, nine items.", "said_th": "รายการของกรมทางหลวงสำหรับจังหวัด สามปี เก้ารายการ" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "status": "funded", "era": "planned" }, "text": { "what": "Announced on provincial radio: Route 116 Lamphun–Doi Lo to four lanes; Route 108 Chom Thong–Hot to four lanes; Hot–Mae Sariang; Route 1095 Mae Taeng–Pai; the Doi Suthep road, Route 1004; the outer ring to six lanes with an overpass at every junction; a Chom Thong bypass. Budgets per item are not in the broadcast." }, "text_th": { "what": "ประกาศทางวิทยุจังหวัด ทางหลวง 116 ลำพูน–ดอยหล่อ สี่เลน ทางหลวง 108 จอมทอง–ฮอด สี่เลน ฮอด–แม่สะเรียง ทางหลวง 1095 แม่แตง–ปาย ถนนขึ้นดอยสุเทพ ทางหลวง 1004 วงแหวนรอบนอกเป็นหกเลนพร้อมสะพานข้ามทุกแยก และทางเลี่ยงเมืองจอมทอง งบรายรายการไม่มีในการออกอากาศ" }, "plan": { "status": "funded", "as_of": "2025", "agency": "Department of Highways", "agency_th": "กรมทางหลวง", "due": "2027" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-3", "as": "Six lanes.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "si-wichai-road", "as": "On the list.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "route-1095", "as": "On the list.", "rel": "highway" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:prd-cm-369046" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:prd-cm-369046" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "low", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "ring-3-interchanges", "type": "plan", "names": { "name": "Five interchanges on the outer ring", "th": "ทางแยกต่างระดับห้าแห่งบนวงแหวนรอบนอก", "said": "3,145 million baht, five junctions, all due 2027.", "said_th": "3,145 ล้านบาท ห้าแยก กำหนดเสร็จ 2570 ทั้งหมด" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "status": "funded", "era": "planned" }, "text": { "what": "Tendered as a set: Samoeng at Route 108 in Hang Dong, 920 million; the Superhighway at Route 11, 700 million; Louis at Route 1006, 650 million, a four-lane bridge on a 1,080-day contract 2025–27; Kong Sai at Route 106 in Saraphi, 445 million; San Klang at Route 1317, phase two, 430 million. Two more, San Khayom at Route 1367 and Likhit Chiwan at Route 1001, were presented in November 2025 as an overpass on the ring with a tunnel on the cross road and a roundabout, no signals, possible construction 2026." }, "text_th": { "what": "ประมูลเป็นชุด สะเมิงที่ทางหลวง 108 หางดง 920 ล้าน ซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ที่ทางหลวง 11 700 ล้าน หลุยส์ที่ทางหลวง 1006 650 ล้าน สะพานสี่เลน สัญญา 1,080 วัน 2568–70 กองทรายที่ทางหลวง 106 สารภี 445 ล้าน สันกลางที่ทางหลวง 1317 ระยะสอง 430 ล้าน อีกสองแห่ง สันขะยอมที่ทางหลวง 1367 และลิขิตชีวันที่ทางหลวง 1001 นำเสนอพฤศจิกายน 2568 เป็นสะพานข้ามบนวงแหวน อุโมงค์บนถนนตัด และวงเวียน ไม่มีสัญญาณไฟ อาจก่อสร้าง 2569" }, "plan": { "status": "funded", "as_of": "2025", "budget_thb": 3145000000, "agency": "Department of Highways", "agency_th": "กรมทางหลวง", "due": "2027" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-3", "as": "The ring.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "san-klang-interchange", "as": "The one half built.", "rel": "junction" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:dailynews-4380049", "s:cmnews-3593263", "s:saranae-32032" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:dailynews-4380049" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "ring-3", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 3, Route 121", "as": "The five." }, { "from": "san-klang-interchange", "type": "junction", "name": "San Klang interchange", "as": "One of five." }, { "from": "route-108", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 108, southwest to Mae Hong Son", "as": "The Samoeng interchange is on it." }, { "from": "route-1317", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 1317, the new San Kamphaeng road", "as": "San Klang." }, { "from": "era-now", "type": "era", "name": "2010s–2020s — going under, and going up", "as": "2027." }, { "from": "construction-on-the-map", "type": "measure", "name": "What the map says is being built", "as": "What the department says." } ] }, { "id": "route-118-four-lanes", "type": "plan", "names": { "name": "Four-laning Route 118 to Chiang Rai", "th": "ขยายทางหลวง 118 เป็นสี่เลนถึงเชียงราย", "said": "158 km in pieces since 2008, and the last piece under contract for 2026.", "said_th": "158 กิโลทีละชิ้นตั้งแต่ 2551 และชิ้นสุดท้ายในสัญญากำหนด 2569" }, "region": [ "intercity" ], "facets": { "status": "building", "era": "planned" }, "text": { "what": "The whole 158.473 km to be four lanes. Done: Chiang Mai–Doi Saket 20.2 km, October 2008; Pong Pha Tong–Ban Pong 28.5 km, October 2019; Pa Miang–Pang Nam Thu 9.25 km, March 2020; five sections of 42.8 km, 2020–21, at about 2,500 million baht. The last: Mae Suai, km 141, to Route 1 at km 158.473, 17.473 km, 2,000 million baht, contract completion 2026." }, "text_th": { "what": "ทั้ง 158.473 กม. ให้เป็นสี่เลน เสร็จแล้ว เชียงใหม่–ดอยสะเก็ด 20.2 กม. ตุลาคม 2551 โป่งผาทอง–บ้านโป่ง 28.5 กม. ตุลาคม 2562 ป่าเมี่ยง–ปางน้ำถุ 9.25 กม. มีนาคม 2563 ห้าช่วง 42.8 กม. 2563–64 ราว 2,500 ล้านบาท ช่วงสุดท้าย แม่สรวย กม.141 ถึงทางหลวง 1 กม.158.473 ยาว 17.473 กม. 2,000 ล้านบาท สัญญาเสร็จ 2569" }, "plan": { "status": "building", "as_of": "2026", "budget_thb": 2000000000, "budget_note": "the last section only", "km": 17.473, "agency": "Department of Highways", "agency_th": "กรมทางหลวง", "due": "2026" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-118", "as": "The road.", "rel": "highway" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:feasy-118", "s:cri108-15492", "s:bkkauction-expropriate" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:feasy-118" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "unesco-nomination", "type": "plan", "names": { "name": "The UNESCO nomination and the roads under it", "th": "การเสนอมรดกโลกและถนนใต้มัน", "said": "Tentative 2015, nominated January 2026, and a transport plan flagged for a tunnel under the old town.", "said_th": "บัญชีเบื้องต้น 2558 เสนอมกราคม 2569 และแผนขนส่งถูกติงเรื่องอุโมงค์ใต้เวียงเก่า" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "facets": { "status": "study", "era": "planned" }, "text": { "what": "Chiang Mai went on the tentative list in 2015 as Monuments, Sites and Cultural Landscape of Chiang Mai, Capital of Lanna: a nominated core of the old city to the outer walls and the Mae Kha canal, 5.30 km², with a Doi Suthep buffer of 165.84 km², 33 attributes, seven temples, five gates and four bastions. A twenty-year transport plan with one underground route directly under the old town was flagged as a conflict in 2019. The cabinet approved the nomination in January 2026 for the 30 January deadline." }, "text_th": { "what": "เชียงใหม่ขึ้นบัญชีเบื้องต้นปี 2558 ในชื่อ อนุสรณ์สถาน แหล่ง และภูมิทัศน์วัฒนธรรมของเชียงใหม่ นครหลวงแห่งล้านนา พื้นที่เสนอคือเวียงเก่าถึงกำแพงชั้นนอกและคลองแม่ข่า 5.30 ตร.กม. พื้นที่กันชนดอยสุเทพ 165.84 ตร.กม. 33 คุณลักษณะ เจ็ดวัด ห้าประตู สี่แจ่ง แผนขนส่งยี่สิบปีที่มีเส้นทางใต้ดินหนึ่งสายลอดใต้เวียงเก่าถูกติงว่าขัดแย้งในปี 2562 ครม. เห็นชอบการเสนอมกราคม 2569 ทันกำหนด 30 มกราคม" }, "plan": { "status": "study", "as_of": "2026-01", "agency": "Fine Arts Department / Chiang Mai province", "agency_th": "กรมศิลปากร / จังหวัดเชียงใหม่", "announced": "2026-01" }, "kin": [ { "to": "the-moat", "as": "The core.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "mae-kha-canal", "as": "In the core.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "lrt-red-line", "as": "The plan with the tunnel.", "rel": "plan" } ], "tags": [ "construction" ], "sources": [ "s:citylife-unesco", "s:unesco-6003", "s:wp-chiang-mai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:citylife-unesco" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "unesco-nomination/unesco-nomination-201703291126a-chiang-mai-city-moat.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291126a Chiang Mai, City Moat.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/201703291126a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291126a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "City moat of Chiang Mai between Sri Phum Corner and Tha Phae Gate", "date": "2017-03-29 11:26:16", "primary": true, "sha256": "82838166f4241113c54d08f38dd9903986041c33afa99c6260e3a3954776cb3b" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "lrt-red-line", "type": "plan", "name": "Chiang Mai light rail, the Red Line", "as": "The underground route under the old town was flagged as a conflict." }, { "from": "wats-and-rings", "type": "measure", "name": "Wats, zone by zone", "as": "The file." }, { "from": "mae-kha-canal", "type": "place", "name": "Mae Kha canal", "as": "Inside the nominated core." } ] }, { "id": "era-1296-the-square", "type": "era", "names": { "name": "1296 — the square", "th": "พ.ศ. 1839 — สี่เหลี่ยม", "said": "A king draws a square on a rise between a mountain and a river.", "said_th": "กษัตริย์ขีดสี่เหลี่ยมบนที่ดอนระหว่างดอยกับแม่น้ำ" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "era": "mangrai", "order": 1 }, "text": { "what": "Mangrai founds Chiang Mai on the higher ground a kilometre west of the Ping, after his first city on the bank flooded. A moat 6.54 km round, a gate in each wall and a fifth on the south, and the cardinal streets from gate to gate. The earthen outer wall curves round the trading quarter to the east.", "story": "*Inference —* the grid inside the moat is the oldest piece of road-planning in the city and it is still the tightest: the measurements page shows the square with more intersections per square kilometre and fewer dead ends than any ring outside it. Seven centuries of building have not managed to lay out a neighbourhood as well-connected as the first one." }, "text_th": { "what": "พญามังรายสร้างเชียงใหม่บนที่ดอนห่างแม่ปิงไปทางตะวันตกหนึ่งกิโล หลังเมืองแรกของท่านบนฝั่งน้ำท่วม คูยาวรอบ 6.54 กม. ประตูทุกด้านและประตูที่ห้าด้านใต้ และถนนแนวทิศหลักจากประตูถึงประตู กำแพงดินชั้นนอกโค้งล้อมย่านค้าขายทางตะวันออก", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ตารางในคูเมืองคือผังถนนที่เก่าสุดของเมืองและยังแน่นสุด หน้าการวัดแสดงว่าสี่เหลี่ยมมีแยกต่อตารางกิโลเมตรมากกว่าและทางตันน้อยกว่าวงแหวนใด ๆ ข้างนอก การสร้างเจ็ดศตวรรษยังวางย่านที่เชื่อมกันดีเท่าย่านแรกบ่ได้" }, "kin": [ { "to": "mangrai", "as": "The king.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "the-moat", "as": "The square.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "grid-in-the-moat", "as": "What it measures now.", "rel": "measure" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-moat", "s:onep-278", "s:wp-chiang-mai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-moat" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "era-1296-the-square/era-1296-the-square-chiang-mai-city-map-chiengmai-1890.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai City Map (Chiengmai) 1890.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Chiang_Mai_City_Map_%28Chiengmai%29_1890.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_City_Map_%28Chiengmai%29_1890.png", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "James McCarthy (1853–1919)", "credit": "Pantip - https://pantip.com/topic/38106682 (Original map source: James McCarthy, Surveying and exploring in Siam, 1900)", "alt": "Chiang Mai City map of 1900. The city was also called Chiengmai in Thailand. The front of the temple faces east on the newly built Chang Moi Road, where Mae Kha Canal flows through. Along the second c", "date": "1900", "primary": true, "sha256": "a15e9aa077652ae528a061da54507c27be140de74e3b1db51b8d08e4562056b4" }, { "file": "era-1296-the-square/era-1296-the-square-chiang-mai-city-map-for-inthawichayanon-1893.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai City Map for Inthawichayanon 1893.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Chiang_Mai_City_Map_for_Inthawichayanon_1893.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_City_Map_for_Inthawichayanon_1893.png", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "The Fine Arts Office, Chiang Mai", "alt": "Historic map of Chiang Mai city for King Inthawichayanon (1817-1897), dated 1893. The city was protected by an inner wall (brick wall), an outer wall (earth wall), 2 moats and multiple city gates. Eac", "date": "1893", "primary": false, "sha256": "1513b50b74300e399cde6cb60deb16f943758d299834c4ca803063a8b3cea523" }, { "file": "era-1296-the-square/era-1296-the-square-chiang-mai-city-old-map-lan-na-kingdom.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai City Old Map Lan Na Kingdom.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Chiang_Mai_City_Old_Map_Lan_Na_Kingdom.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_City_Old_Map_Lan_Na_Kingdom.png", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "www.shorthistoryoflanna.blogspot.com (see also: https://www.matichon.co.th/weekly/column/article_18712 (https://archive.vn/gI1uM).)", "alt": "Chiang Mai City old map during the Lan Na kingdom (in Thailand). The portrait of a ruler (king) is on the left side. There is a castle, palace, temples, local houses, the treasury, the city wall with ", "date": "Circa 19th century or earlier", "primary": false, "sha256": "0c9a1300458876a52c9b7ecd2ed908e1dc8d792d2ed1dedef03f42589fcf1773" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "grid-in-the-moat", "type": "measure", "name": "The grid score, zone by zone", "as": "Who drew it." }, { "from": "mangrai", "type": "person", "name": "Mangrai", "as": "His era." } ] }, { "id": "era-kawila-1796-1900", "type": "era", "names": { "name": "1796–1900 — Kawila's rebuilding", "th": "2339–2443 — ยุคพระเจ้ากาวิละ", "said": "The city is re-peopled, the moat re-dug, and the first trees planted along a road.", "said_th": "เมืองถูกเติมคน คูถูกขุดแหม และต้นไม้แรกถูกปลูกเลียบถนน" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "era": "kawila", "order": 3 }, "text": { "what": "Kawila re-enters the empty city in 1796, restores the walls and gives the corners their bastions. Through the century Siam's hold tightens; the first teak bridge crosses the Ping about 1890; the yang-na trees go in along the Lamphun road, 1882 by one account; the Hang Dong road is built in 1899 with khi-lek trees for the Burma trade.", "story": "*Inference —* the century's road-building is all outside the moat and all radial: a bridge east, an avenue south, a trade road southwest. The square was left alone. That pattern held for another fifty years." }, "text_th": { "what": "พระเจ้ากาวิละกลับเข้าเวียงร้างปี 2339 บูรณะกำแพงและทำแจ่งให้มุม ตลอดศตวรรษสยามกุมแน่นขึ้น ขัวไม้สักแรกข้ามแม่ปิงราวปี 2433 ต้นยางนาลงเลียบถนนลำพูน บันทึกหนึ่งว่าปี 2425 ถนนหางดงสร้างปี 2442 พร้อมต้นขี้เหล็กเพื่อการค้ากับพม่า", "story": "*อนุมาน —* การสร้างถนนของศตวรรษนี้อยู่นอกคูทั้งหมดและเป็นรัศมีทั้งหมด ขัวไปตะวันออก ถนนใหญ่ลงใต้ ทางค้าไปตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ สี่เหลี่ยมถูกปล่อยไว้ แบบแผนนี้อยู่ต่ออีกห้าสิบปี" }, "kin": [ { "to": "kawila", "as": "The ruler.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "ton-yang-road", "as": "The trees.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "nawarat-bridge", "as": "The first bridge.", "rel": "bridge" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:wp-kawila", "s:thaipbs-308334", "s:cmu-thesis-2548", "s:thwp-nawarat" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-kawila" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "era-kawila-1796-1900/era-kawila-1796-1900-hoge-bomen-langs-weg-106-p1160022.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Hoge bomen langs weg 106 P1160022.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Hoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P1160022.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P1160022.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "FredTC", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Het gedeelte van de Noord-Thaise weg 106 dat tussen Chiang Mai en Lamphun loopt, wordt ook wel de \"oude Chiang Mai - Lamphun weg\" genoemd. Het gedeelte daarvan dat in de provincie Chiang Mai ligt, hee", "date": "2013-02-24 15:11:41", "primary": true, "sha256": "f6165923a61ac8d423a3a1d7eec315fa5736afa02915058305e4f736d2cefb20" }, { "file": "era-kawila-1796-1900/era-kawila-1796-1900-ku-huang-citadel-chiang-mai-02.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ku Huang citadel Chiang Mai 02.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Ku_Huang_citadel_Chiang_Mai_02.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AKu_Huang_citadel_Chiang_Mai_02.JPG", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Takeaway", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Ku Huang citadel: the south-west corner of the old city of Chiang Mai. Looking towards the east.", "date": "2010-05-06", "primary": false, "sha256": "0b5d8aaec8c05cc45551986bef2120ca1514e9121d687ad0557a5bf75cb8ee3c" }, { "file": "era-kawila-1796-1900/era-kawila-1796-1900-pearl-of-asia-1892-p-339.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Pearl of Asia (1892, p 339).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Pearl_of_Asia_%281892%2C_p_339%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APearl_of_Asia_%281892%2C_p_339%29.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file", "alt": "* Original caption: Native bullock carts & ox yokes.\nUploader's caption: Ra-thae (Thai: ระแทะ), a traditional vehicle of Thailand.", "date": "1892", "primary": false, "sha256": "d979fdd89aea00765fd764b70c2b80aa70466964b3ec846a70f325f3bc75c51c" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "map-1893", "type": "map", "name": "The 1893 map for Inthawichayanon", "as": "Its era." }, { "from": "map-pavie-1884", "type": "map", "name": "Pavie's itineraries, 1880–1884", "as": "Its era." }, { "from": "kawila", "type": "person", "name": "Kawila", "as": "His era." } ] }, { "id": "era-lanna-and-burma", "type": "era", "names": { "name": "1300s–1700s — Lanna and Burma", "th": "พุทธศตวรรษ 19–23 — ล้านนากับพม่า", "said": "Four hundred years in which the roads were the rivers.", "said_th": "สี่ร้อยปีที่ถนนคือแม่น้ำ" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "era": "lanna", "order": 2 }, "text": { "what": "The kingdom's roads were tracks and its highways were the Ping and the Kok. Two centuries of Burmese rule from 1558 left the walls standing and the city, by the 1770s, nearly empty. The fifth gate, Suan Prung, was cut in the south wall under Sam Fang Kaen in this period.", "story": "*Inference —* no road in the present catalogue is dated to these four centuries, which is a statement about the record rather than the roads. The trade tracks to Burma through Hang Dong, later Route 108, and north through Chiang Dao, later 107, are older than any document that names them." }, "text_th": { "what": "ถนนของอาณาจักรคือทางเดิน ทางหลวงคือแม่ปิงและแม่กก พม่าปกครองสองศตวรรษตั้งแต่ปี 2101 ทิ้งกำแพงไว้ยืน และเมืองในทศวรรษ 2310 แทบร้าง ประตูที่ห้า สวนปรุง ถูกเจาะในกำแพงใต้สมัยพญาสามฝั่งแกนในช่วงนี้", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ไม่มีถนนในบัญชีนี้ที่ระบุอายุอยู่ในสี่ศตวรรษนี้ ซึ่งบอกเรื่องบันทึกมากกว่าเรื่องถนน ทางค้าไปพม่าผ่านหางดง ต่อมาคือ 108 และขึ้นเหนือผ่านเชียงดาว ต่อมาคือ 107 เก่ากว่าเอกสารใด ๆ ที่ตั้งชื่อมัน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "suan-prung-gate", "as": "Cut in this era.", "rel": "gate" }, { "to": "route-108", "as": "The old track to Burma.", "rel": "highway" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:wp-lanna", "s:thwp-moat" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-lanna" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "era-lanna-and-burma/era-lanna-and-burma-chiang-mai-city-old-map-lan-na-kingdom.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai City Old Map Lan Na Kingdom.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Chiang_Mai_City_Old_Map_Lan_Na_Kingdom.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_City_Old_Map_Lan_Na_Kingdom.png", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "www.shorthistoryoflanna.blogspot.com (see also: https://www.matichon.co.th/weekly/column/article_18712 (https://archive.vn/gI1uM).)", "alt": "Chiang Mai City old map during the Lan Na kingdom (in Thailand). The portrait of a ruler (king) is on the left side. There is a castle, palace, temples, local houses, the treasury, the city wall with ", "date": "Circa 19th century or earlier", "primary": true, "sha256": "0c9a1300458876a52c9b7ecd2ed908e1dc8d792d2ed1dedef03f42589fcf1773" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "map-lanna", "type": "map", "name": "The Lanna city map", "as": "Its era." } ] }, { "id": "era-monks-road-1935", "type": "era", "names": { "name": "1935 — the monk's road", "th": "2478 — ถนนครูบา", "said": "Eleven and a half kilometres up a mountain, by hand, in under six months.", "said_th": "สิบเอ็ดกิโลครึ่งขึ้นดอย ด้วยมือ ในไม่ถึงหกเดือน" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "era": "srivichai", "order": 5 }, "text": { "what": "Kruba Srivichai's road up Doi Suthep: ground broken 9 November 1934, open to vehicles 30 April 1935, 11.53 km of earth and laterite, five months and twenty-two days, built by volunteers. Its own chapter because nothing else in the city's road history was made this way.", "story": "*Inference —* it is also the last road in this catalogue built for a reason other than traffic. Every road after it was built to move vehicles; this one was built to reach a relic." }, "text_th": { "what": "ถนนของครูบาศรีวิชัยขึ้นดอยสุเทพ เริ่มขุด 9 พฤศจิกายน 2477 เปิดให้รถ 30 เมษายน 2478 ดินและลูกรัง 11.53 กม. ห้าเดือนยี่สิบสองวัน สร้างด้วยแรงศรัทธา เป็นบทของตัวเองเพราะไม่มีอะไรในประวัติถนนของเมืองที่สร้างแบบนี้", "story": "*อนุมาน —* มันยังเป็นถนนสายสุดท้ายในบัญชีนี้ที่สร้างด้วยเหตุผลอื่นนอกจากการจราจร ถนนทุกสายหลังจากนั้นสร้างเพื่อขนรถ สายนี้สร้างเพื่อไปถึงพระธาตุ" }, "kin": [ { "to": "kruba-srivichai", "as": "The monk.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "si-wichai-road", "as": "The road.", "rel": "road" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-si-wichai", "s:citylife-elephant" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-si-wichai" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "era-monks-road-1935/era-monks-road-1935-20171106-road-below-wat-phrathat-doi-suthep-monaster-2049445.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:20171106 Road below Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep monastery 0058 DxO.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/20171106_Road_below_Wat_Phrathat_Doi_Suthep_monastery_0058_DxO.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A20171106_Road_below_Wat_Phrathat_Doi_Suthep_monastery_0058_DxO.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Jakub Hałun", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "A road below Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep monastery in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park", "date": "2017-11-06 10:19:03", "primary": true, "sha256": "17e18e84aaada2e97b99aa50bb5275008a780d71518effa4f35487b507610ac6" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "kruba-srivichai", "type": "person", "name": "Kruba Srivichai", "as": "The era named for it." } ] }, { "id": "era-now", "type": "era", "names": { "name": "2010s–2020s — going under, and going up", "th": "ทศวรรษ 2550–2560 — ลอดใต้ และยกขึ้น", "said": "Tunnels at the junctions, four lanes to Chiang Rai, and a light rail that keeps moving its opening date.", "said_th": "อุโมงค์ตามแยก สี่เลนไปเชียงราย และรถไฟฟ้าที่เลื่อนวันเปิดไปเรื่อย" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "era": "now", "order": 8 }, "text": { "what": "Fa Ham underpass opens 2018 at 1,172.8 million baht. Route 118 is four-laned section by section, the last 17.5 km due 2026. Five interchanges on the outer ring are tendered for 3,145 million baht, due 2027. The old city gets a 12 m height cap and Ratchadamnoen goes one-way in 2021 for a walkable-district pilot. UNESCO tentative listing 2015, nomination filed January 2026. The Ping floods in October 2024 to 5.30 m at Nawarat. A new comprehensive plan is approved 17 March 2026 with 51 project roads.", "story": "*Inference —* the pattern of the decade is grade separation: the city has decided to go under its junctions rather than build a fourth ring, while the fourth ring is drawn anyway. The plans page carries each item with its status and its date, because half of them have moved." }, "text_th": { "what": "อุโมงค์ฟ้าฮ่ามเปิด 2561 ที่ 1,172.8 ล้านบาท ทางหลวง 118 ขยายสี่เลนทีละช่วง 17.5 กม. สุดท้ายกำหนด 2569 ทางแยกต่างระดับห้าแห่งบนวงแหวนรอบนอกประมูล 3,145 ล้านบาท กำหนด 2570 เวียงเก่าได้เพดานความสูง 12 เมตร และราชดำเนินเป็นทางเดียวปี 2564 เพื่อนำร่องย่านเดินได้ บัญชีเบื้องต้นยูเนสโก 2558 ยื่นเสนอมกราคม 2569 แม่ปิงท่วมตุลาคม 2567 ถึง 5.30 เมตรที่นวรัฐ ผังเมืองรวมฉบับใหม่ผ่าน ครม. 17 มีนาคม 2569 มีถนนโครงการ 51 สาย", "story": "*อนุมาน —* แบบแผนของทศวรรษคือการแยกระดับ เมืองตัดสินใจลอดใต้แยกแทนสร้างวงแหวนที่สี่ ขณะที่วงแหวนที่สี่ก็ถูกวาดอยู่ดี หน้าแผนมีแต่ละรายการพร้อมสถานะและวันที่ เพราะครึ่งหนึ่งเลื่อนแล้ว" }, "kin": [ { "to": "fa-ham-underpass", "as": "2018.", "rel": "junction" }, { "to": "ring-3-interchanges", "as": "2027.", "rel": "plan" }, { "to": "comprehensive-plan-2026", "as": "The plan.", "rel": "plan" }, { "to": "lrt-red-line", "as": "The train that keeps moving.", "rel": "plan" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:mgr-9610000057357", "s:cri108-15492", "s:dailynews-4380049", "s:cmnews-1651264", "s:prd-485975", "s:lanner-flood" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:mgr-9610000057357" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "era-now/era-now-panoramic-view-of-cmx.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Panoramic view of CMX.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Panoramic_view_of_CMX.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APanoramic_view_of_CMX.jpg", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "author": "This Photo was taken by Supanut Arunoprayote.\n\nFeel free to use any of my images, but please mention me as the author and may send me a message. (สามารถใช้ภาพได้อิสระ แต่กรุณาใส่เครดิตผู้ถ่ายและอาจส่", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "The panoramic view of Mueang Chiang Mai district from Doi Suthep.", "date": "2022-08-01 14:25:52", "primary": true, "sha256": "825a2441b43c81c60218c29a1475cf79b20168b355848ee333e856daab5d152d" }, { "file": "era-now/era-now-view-of-cmx-i.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:View of CMX (I).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/View_of_CMX_%28I%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AView_of_CMX_%28I%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "author": "This Photo was taken by Supanut Arunoprayote.\n\nFeel free to use any of my images, but please mention me as the author and may send me a message. (สามารถใช้ภาพได้อิสระ แต่กรุณาใส่เครดิตผู้ถ่ายและอาจส่", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Some view of Mueang Chiang Mai district from Doi Suthep.", "date": "2022-08-01 14:26:23", "primary": false, "sha256": "36aa7059a4e45cfae1fba3a9729535a07f5d4623116a3606f927d326a54a75cf" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ring-4", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 4, drawn but not dug", "as": "Its era." }, { "from": "fa-ham-underpass", "type": "junction", "name": "Fa Ham underpass", "as": "Its era." }, { "from": "comprehensive-plan-2026", "type": "plan", "name": "The new comprehensive plan, 2026", "as": "Its era." }, { "from": "lrt-red-line", "type": "plan", "name": "Chiang Mai light rail, the Red Line", "as": "The train that keeps moving." } ] }, { "id": "era-rings-1984-2006", "type": "era", "names": { "name": "1984–2006 — the rings", "th": "2527–2549 — ยุควงแหวน", "said": "Two more rings are drawn on a plan, and take twenty years to build.", "said_th": "วงแหวนอีกสองวงถูกวาดบนผัง และใช้เวลาสร้างยี่สิบปี" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "era": "rings", "order": 7 }, "text": { "what": "The first comprehensive plan, 1984, lays out the middle and outer rings; Interior Ministry Regulation 78 of 1989 fixes them. The outer ring, Route 121, is begun 1994 by the Lampang highway centre, stalls on land and the 1997 crash, and is closed as a 52.96 km loop through the 2000s. The middle ring, the 700 Years Road, is broken ground the same year, 26.13 km with seven underpasses and one interchange, and opened 6 February 2006 at 10,070 million baht including land. Route 11 is widened to four lanes from 2001; Mahidol from two to six in 1998–2001.", "story": "*Inference —* the thesis this rests on carries the number that explains the decade: main-road kilometres in the city went from 36.5 to 60.3 between 1992 and 2003 while registered vehicles went from 465,659 to 933,733. The roads grew by two-thirds; the vehicles doubled." }, "text_th": { "what": "ผังเมืองรวมฉบับแรก 2527 วางวงแหวนรอบกลางและรอบนอก กฎกระทรวงมหาดไทยฉบับที่ 78 ปี 2532 กำหนดแนว วงแหวนรอบนอก ทางหลวง 121 เริ่ม 2537 โดยศูนย์สร้างทางลำปาง ติดเวนคืนและวิกฤต 2540 แล้วปิดวงเป็น 52.96 กม. ในทศวรรษ 2540 วงแหวนรอบกลาง ถนนสมโภชเชียงใหม่ 700 ปี เริ่มปีเดียวกัน 26.13 กม. ทางลอดเจ็ดแห่งและทางแยกต่างระดับหนึ่งแห่ง เปิด 6 กุมภาพันธ์ 2549 ที่ 10,070 ล้านบาทรวมค่าที่ดิน ทางหลวง 11 ขยายสี่เลนตั้งแต่ 2544 มหิดลจากสองเป็นหกเลน 2541–44", "story": "*อนุมาน —* วิทยานิพนธ์ที่เรื่องนี้อิงมีตัวเลขที่อธิบายทศวรรษ กิโลเมตรถนนสายหลักในเมืองจาก 36.5 เป็น 60.3 ระหว่าง 2535–2546 ขณะที่รถจดทะเบียนจาก 465,659 เป็น 933,733 ถนนโตสองในสาม รถโตสองเท่า" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-2", "as": "The middle ring.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "ring-3", "as": "The outer ring.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "roads-versus-vehicles", "as": "The number.", "rel": "traffic" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:cmu-thesis-2548", "s:thwp-700-years", "s:thwp-121", "s:urbanis-5712" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:cmu-thesis-2548" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "era-rings-1984-2006/era-rings-1984-2006-canal-in-chiang-mai.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Canal in Chiang Mai.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Canal_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACanal_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Christophe95", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Canal located in the west of Chiang Mai, along Road 121.", "date": "2018-09-03 14:28:10", "primary": true, "sha256": "09ef533d9a7322500845550d5c20741d22eb073285d35cebf92c3a604d5e0092" }, { "file": "era-rings-1984-2006/era-rings-1984-2006-chiang-mai-panoramic.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai Panoramic.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Chiang_Mai_Panoramic.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_Panoramic.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Ssuri", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Taken from a viewpoint on the way to the Doi Suthep temple in Chiang Mai.", "date": "2009-10-29", "primary": false, "sha256": "cbb39157fade452b282d7267308ea4a9ba79349c2e4e14a8b1a9c90754534b84" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "built-up-area", "type": "traffic", "name": "How far the city spread", "as": "When the rings were drawn on it." }, { "from": "roads-versus-vehicles", "type": "traffic", "name": "Roads versus vehicles, 1992 to 2003", "as": "The decade." } ] }, { "id": "era-siam-1900-1950", "type": "era", "names": { "name": "1900–1950 — Siam and the railway", "th": "2443–2493 — สยามกับรถไฟ", "said": "The train arrives, a gate is demolished for a straight road, and the moat gets its ring.", "said_th": "รถไฟมาเถิง ประตูถูกฮื้อเปื้อถนนตรง และคูได้วงรอบ" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "era": "siam", "order": 4 }, "text": { "what": "The railway reaches the east bank on 1 January 1921 and Tha Phae becomes the commercial street. Between 1910 and 1915 Chang Moi Gate and its earth bank are removed to run Ratchawithi Road straight to the river. The steel Nawarat Bridge opens 1923. The municipality is founded 1936 and in 1948 builds the roads on both banks of the moat, demolishing stretches of the wall registered as a monument thirteen years before.", "story": "*Inference —* 1948 is the year the square stopped being a fortification and became a roundabout. Everything the one-way loop does to the old city, for good and ill, dates from that decision." }, "text_th": { "what": "รถไฟมาถึงฝั่งตะวันออกวันที่ 1 มกราคม 2464 และท่าแพกลายเป็นถนนการค้า ระหว่างปี 2453–2458 ประตูช้างม่อยและคันดินถูกรื้อเพื่อให้ถนนราชวิถีวิ่งตรงไปแม่น้ำ ขัวเหล็กนวรัฐเปิด 2466 เทศบาลตั้งปี 2479 และในปี 2491 สร้างถนนบนสองฝั่งคู รื้อกำแพงบางช่วงที่ขึ้นทะเบียนโบราณสถานสิบสามปีก่อนหน้า", "story": "*อนุมาน —* 2491 คือปีที่สี่เหลี่ยมเลิกเป็นป้อมและกลายเป็นวงเวียน ทุกอย่างที่วงรอบทางเดียวทำกับเวียงเก่า ทั้งดีและร้าย เริ่มจากการตัดสินใจนั้น" }, "kin": [ { "to": "chang-moi-gate", "as": "Removed.", "rel": "gate" }, { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "Built 1948.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "chiang-mai-station", "as": "Arrived 1921.", "rel": "place" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:cmocity-history", "s:thwp-chang-moi", "s:thwp-cnx-station", "s:thwp-nawarat" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:cmocity-history" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "era-siam-1900-1950/era-siam-1900-1950-map-of-chiengmai-chiang-mai-city-1931.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Map of Chiengmai (Chiang Mai) City 1931.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Map_of_Chiengmai_%28Chiang_Mai%29_City_1931.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMap_of_Chiengmai_%28Chiang_Mai%29_City_1931.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "Old Maps Online (stored at the British Library) - https://www.oldmapsonline.org/en/maps/b84b50de-cdf9-5c61-9d88-a76fcd5a8464?year=1850&gid=b3777b75-7966-559f-85d0-b1b1aaa602d3#position=16.6004/18.", "alt": "Map of Chiengmai (Chiang Mai) city, 1931. This is the capital of Chiang Mai province. The top left stamp says: \"Royal Insurance Company Limited, 26 October 1931 Liverpool.\"", "date": "1931", "primary": true, "sha256": "346570ec642923738f47849e7c652c5cc04384285b4766edd918613345d1bbb1" }, { "file": "era-siam-1900-1950/era-siam-1900-1950-navarat-bridge-chiangmai-1954.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:สะพานนวรัตน์ เชียงใหม่ Navarat Bridge Chiangmai 1954.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88_Navarat_Bridge_Chiangmai_1954.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88_Navarat_Bridge_Chiangmai_1954.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Photography Section, Public Relations Department / Thailand Illustrated", "credit": "Thailand Illustrates (September 1954 Issue); retrieved from digital scans by National Library of Thailand", "alt": "Navarat Bridge in 1954", "date": "circa 1954date QS:P,+1954-00-00T00:00:00", "primary": false, "sha256": "fab3fd58fd8987a673f518378127dbfbcec0cfe8c6f295b72667a86c9de175ac" }, { "file": "era-siam-1900-1950/era-siam-1900-1950-phap-mueang-thai-1943-p-063.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phap Mueang Thai (1943, p 063).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Phap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_063%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APhap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_063%29.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Office of the Prime Minister", "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file", "alt": "This picture is described as follows:\nOriginal caption: \"Northern Line railroad bridge.\"", "date": "1943-07-14", "primary": false, "sha256": "d147421947c6e5cd2c0e7b789db7d6ebae650c1a300ad6818ef4b4b1dc8864f1" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "chang-moi-gate", "type": "gate", "name": "Chang Moi Gate", "as": "Its era." }, { "from": "map-1931", "type": "map", "name": "The 1931 city map", "as": "Its era." }, { "from": "map-1945", "type": "map", "name": "The 1945 city map", "as": "Its era." }, { "from": "what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city", "type": "story", "name": "What a road does to an old city", "as": "When the walls went." }, { "from": "chiang-mai-station", "type": "place", "name": "Chiang Mai railway station", "as": "Its era." } ] }, { "id": "era-superhighway-1969", "type": "era", "names": { "name": "1960s–70s — the Superhighway", "th": "ทศวรรษ 2510 — ซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์", "said": "A two-lane bypass to Lampang becomes the first ring, and the city's edge jumps three kilometres.", "said_th": "ทางเลี่ยงสองเลนไปลำปางกลายเป็นวงแหวนแรก และขอบเมืองกระโดดไปสามกิโล" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "era": "superhighway", "order": 6 }, "text": { "what": "The Department of Highways' Lampang centre builds the Chiang Mai–Lampang road, Route 11, in 1968–69, two lanes, to shorten the run to Bangkok; traffic on the old Lamphun road falls away. Its last ten kilometres skirt the city on the north and east and become, with Mahidol Road (surveyed 1970, built 1972, 7.4 km) on the south and Nimmanhaemin on the west, the first ring. The university opens 1964 on the Nimmanhaemin land; the concrete Nawarat Bridge opens 1967.", "story": "*Inference —* the Superhighway was not built as a ring. It was built as a bypass, and a bypass becomes a ring the moment the city grows past it, which took about fifteen years. Every ring in Chiang Mai has been an edge that turned into a middle." }, "text_th": { "what": "ศูนย์สร้างทางลำปาง กรมทางหลวง สร้างถนนเชียงใหม่–ลำปาง ทางหลวง 11 ปี 2511–12 สองเลน เพื่อย่นทางไปกรุงเทพฯ รถบนถนนลำพูนสายเก่าลดฮวบ สิบกิโลเมตรสุดท้ายเลียบเมืองด้านเหนือและตะวันออก และกลายเป็นวงแหวนแรกร่วมกับถนนมหิดล สำรวจ 2513 สร้าง 2515 7.4 กม. ทางใต้ และนิมมานเหมินท์ทางตะวันตก มหาวิทยาลัยเปิด 2507 บนที่ดินนิมมานเหมินท์ ขัวคอนกรีตนวรัฐเปิด 2510", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์บ่ได้ถูกสร้างเป็นวงแหวน มันถูกสร้างเป็นทางเลี่ยง และทางเลี่ยงกลายเป็นวงแหวนทันทีที่เมืองโตข้ามมัน ซึ่งใช้เวลาราวสิบห้าปี วงแหวนทุกวงในเชียงใหม่คือขอบที่กลายเป็นกลาง" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-11", "as": "The road.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "ring-1", "as": "What it became.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "mahidol-road", "as": "The southern arc.", "rel": "road" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:cmu-thesis-2548", "s:thwp-11", "s:thwp-mahidol", "s:thwp-nimman" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:cmu-thesis-2548" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "era-superhighway-1969/era-superhighway-1969-chiang-mai-1945.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai 1945.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Chiang_Mai_1945.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_1945.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Survey of India Offices", "credit": "University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries - https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/6966/rec/1", "alt": "Old map of Chiang Mai (Thailand) in 1945. Printed at the Survey of India Offices. Size: 57 x 87 cm. Scale: \t\n1:5,000. Repository: American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwauk", "date": "1945", "primary": true, "sha256": "b14a43683b9d987707671b08167af41aa288154c088f035fcf2e592c0021f7bb" }, { "file": "era-superhighway-1969/era-superhighway-1969-thai-highway-11.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Thai Highway 11.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Thai_Highway_11.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AThai_Highway_11.jpg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "author": "ผู้สร้างสรรค์ผลงาน/ส่งข้อมูลเก็บในคลังข้อมูลเสรีวิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์ - เทวประภาส มากคล้าย", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Thai Highway 11Location: Wat Khung Taphao, Ban Khung Taphao, Khung Taphao subdistrict, Mueang Uttaradit, Uttaradit Province, Thailand.", "date": "2009", "primary": false, "sha256": "36dbd379d06bdbaf11aa6d2cd70ca520c22d96e72bcf4a07e27941db39a464db" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "route-11", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 11, the Superhighway", "as": "Its era." }, { "from": "map-ams-chiang-mai", "type": "map", "name": "The Army Map Service sheet, NE 47-6 Chiang Mai", "as": "The era it precedes." } ] }, { "id": "map-1890", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "The 1890 city map", "th": "แผนที่เมือง 2433", "said": "The sheet that names Chang Moi Road as newly built.", "said_th": "แผ่นที่บอกว่าถนนช้างม่อยเพิ่งสร้าง" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "era": "kawila", "year": "1890", "order": 2 }, "sheet": { "year": "1890", "maker": "James McCarthy", "maker_th": "เจมส์ แม็กคาร์ธี", "shows": "The moat square, the Ping, the earthen wall's line, and the first named streets outside the gates.", "shows_th": "สี่เหลี่ยมคู แม่ปิง แนวกำแพงดิน และถนนมีชื่อสายแรก ๆ นอกประตู", "year_note": "the file is titled 1890 and its own description says 1900; both are recorded and neither is resolved on this disk" }, "text": { "what": "A map of the city under the old spelling Chiengmai. Its own caption says a temple front faces east on the newly built Chang Moi Road, which dates that road to about this sheet and corroborates the chronicle: the outer gate and the earth bank came down between 1910 and 1915 so the street could run straight to the river, and the street was already being cut when this was drawn.", "notes": "Commons credits the file to James McCarthy, the surveyor who mapped the kingdom for the Siamese government in the same years. This project has not seen that attribution confirmed on the sheet itself." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผนที่เมืองภายใต้การสะกดแบบเก่าว่า Chiengmai คำบรรยายของแผ่นเองบอกว่าหน้าวัดหันไปทางตะวันออกบนถนนช้างม่อยที่เพิ่งสร้าง ซึ่งลงวันที่ถนนสายนั้นไว้ราวแผ่นนี้ และยืนยันตำนาน ประตูชั้นนอกและคันดินถูกรื้อระหว่างปี 2453–2458 เพื่อให้ถนนวิ่งตรงไปแม่น้ำ และถนนถูกตัดอยู่แล้วตอนวาดแผ่นนี้", "notes": "คอมมอนส์ให้เครดิตไฟล์นี้แก่เจมส์ แม็กคาร์ธี นักรังวัดที่ทำแผนที่อาณาจักรให้รัฐบาลสยามในช่วงปีเดียวกัน โครงการนี้ยังไม่เห็นการระบุนั้นยืนยันบนแผ่นเอง" }, "kin": [ { "to": "chang-moi-road", "as": "The road it dates.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "chang-moi-gate", "as": "What was removed for it.", "rel": "gate" }, { "to": "kamphaeng-din", "as": "The outer wall.", "rel": "place" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-1890/map-1890-chiang-mai-city-map-chiengmai-1890.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai City Map (Chiengmai) 1890.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Chiang_Mai_City_Map_%28Chiengmai%29_1890.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_City_Map_%28Chiengmai%29_1890.png", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "James McCarthy (1853–1919)", "credit": "Pantip - https://pantip.com/topic/38106682 (Original map source: James McCarthy, Surveying and exploring in Siam, 1900)", "alt": "Chiang Mai City map of 1900. The city was also called Chiengmai in Thailand. The front of the temple faces east on the newly built Chang Moi Road, where Mae Kha Canal flows through. Along the second c", "date": "1900", "primary": true, "sha256": "9aa616856836f271faf9d9701b539284f0d11de5eca49fd45bb6da138f3861d9" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "map-1893", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "The 1893 map for Inthawichayanon", "th": "แผนที่ 2436 สำหรับพระเจ้าอินทวิชยานนท์", "said": "Two walls, drawn for a king who still had a court.", "said_th": "กำแพงสองชั้น วาดให้กษัตริย์ที่ยังมีราชสำนัก" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "era": "kawila", "year": "1893", "order": 3 }, "sheet": { "year": "1893", "maker": "unknown, for the court of Chiang Mai", "maker_th": "ไม่ปรากฏผู้จัดทำ ทำถวายราชสำนักเชียงใหม่", "shows": "The two walls together, which is the thing modern maps cannot show because one of them is gone.", "shows_th": "กำแพงสองชั้นพร้อมกัน ซึ่งเป็นสิ่งที่แผนที่สมัยใหม่แสดงไม่ได้เพราะชั้นหนึ่งหายไปแล้ว" }, "text": { "what": "Drawn for King Inthawichayanon, the last ruler before Siam's commissioners took the north in hand. It shows both walls: the inner brick square and the outer earthen bank curving round the trading quarter to the east." }, "text_th": { "what": "วาดถวายพระเจ้าอินทวิชยานนท์ เจ้าหลวงองค์สุดท้ายก่อนข้าหลวงสยามเข้ามาจัดการภาคเหนือ มันแสดงกำแพงทั้งสองชั้น สี่เหลี่ยมอิฐชั้นในและคันดินชั้นนอกที่โค้งล้อมย่านค้าขายด้านตะวันออก" }, "kin": [ { "to": "kamphaeng-din", "as": "The wall it still shows.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "phraya-surasi", "as": "The commissioner who followed.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "era-kawila-1796-1900", "as": "Its era.", "rel": "era" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-1893/map-1893-chiang-mai-city-map-for-inthawichayanon-1893.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai City Map for Inthawichayanon 1893.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Chiang_Mai_City_Map_for_Inthawichayanon_1893.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_City_Map_for_Inthawichayanon_1893.png", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "The Fine Arts Office, Chiang Mai", "alt": "Historic map of Chiang Mai city for King Inthawichayanon (1817-1897), dated 1893. The city was protected by an inner wall (brick wall), an outer wall (earth wall), 2 moats and multiple city gates. Eac", "date": "1893", "primary": true, "sha256": "c32e071424ec6dde4083eb3e675d4a59fa43ecae9dfff88874ec8ea0b2c512ef" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "map-1931", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "The 1931 city map", "th": "แผนที่เมือง 2474", "said": "Ten years after the railway, stamped by an insurance company.", "said_th": "สิบปีหลังรถไฟมา ประทับตราบริษัทประกัน" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "era": "siam", "year": "1931", "order": 4 }, "sheet": { "year": "1931", "maker": "unknown; the sheet carries the stamp of the Royal Insurance Company Limited, 26 October 1931", "maker_th": "ไม่ปรากฏผู้จัดทำ แผ่นมีตราประทับบริษัท Royal Insurance ลงวันที่ 26 ตุลาคม 2474", "shows": "The east bank after the railway, seventeen years before the moat roads were cut.", "shows_th": "ฝั่งตะวันออกหลังรถไฟมา สิบเจ็ดปีก่อนถนนรอบคูถูกตัด", "holding": "stamped 26 October" }, "text": { "what": "A large city sheet carrying the stamp of the Royal Insurance Company, dated 26 October. It is the first map on this site made after the train arrived in 1921, and it shows what the train did: the east bank built up, Tha Phae Road the commercial spine, the streets between the square and the river filled in.", "story": "*Inference —* an insurance company's stamp is the tell. Someone was pricing fire risk street by street, which means the streets were worth pricing, which means the money had moved off the river and onto the road.", "how": "**Read off the sheet.** It is bilingual, Thai above English, at 1:5,000. The moat is labelled คูเวียง KOO VIENG CANAL on every side. Eight gates are named: Chang Phuak, Suan Dok, Chiengmai and ประตูแสนปุง San Prung on the square, and Ta Phae, ประตูหายยา Hai Ya, ประตูขัวก้อม Kua Kom and Sakang outside it. The roads out are labelled by where they go, not by number: TO HANG DONG & CHOM THONG, TO SANKAMPANG, TO DOI SATE, TO LAMPANG, TO HUEY KEO. The teak houses have their own buildings marked, Borneo Office and Bombay Burma Office, and so do the British and French consulates. The railway station is there with RAILWAY'S LANDS, a rest house and a locomotive store beside it." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผ่นเมืองขนาดใหญ่ที่มีตราประทับของ Royal Insurance Company ลงวันที่ 26 ตุลาคม เป็นแผนที่แผ่นแรกบนเว็บนี้ที่ทำขึ้นหลังรถไฟมาถึงปี 2464 และมันแสดงสิ่งที่รถไฟทำ ฝั่งตะวันออกถูกสร้างเต็ม ถนนท่าแพเป็นแกนการค้า ถนนระหว่างสี่เหลี่ยมกับแม่น้ำถูกเติมเต็ม", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ตราประทับของบริษัทประกันคือเบาะแส มีคนกำลังคิดราคาความเสี่ยงไฟไหม้ทีละถนน ซึ่งแปลว่าถนนมีค่าพอให้คิดราคา ซึ่งแปลว่าเงินย้ายจากแม่น้ำมาอยู่บนถนนแล้ว", "how": "**อ่านจากแผ่นเอง** เป็นสองภาษา ไทยบนอังกฤษล่าง มาตราส่วน 1:5,000 คูเมืองเขียนกำกับว่า คูเวียง KOO VIENG CANAL ทุกด้าน มีประตูแปดประตู ช้างเผือก สวนดอก เชียงใหม่ และประตูแสนปุง บนสี่เหลี่ยม กับท่าแพ ประตูหายยา ประตูขัวก้อม และสะแกง นอกสี่เหลี่ยม ถนนออกเมืองกำกับด้วยปลายทาง ไม่ใช่หมายเลข ไปหางดงและจอมทอง ไปสันกำแพง ไปดอยสะเก็ด ไปลำปาง ไปห้วยแก้ว ห้างไม้สักมีอาคารของตัวเองทำเครื่องหมายไว้ Borneo Office และ Bombay Burma Office เช่นเดียวกับสถานกงสุลอังกฤษและฝรั่งเศส สถานีรถไฟอยู่ตรงนั้นพร้อมที่ดินรถไฟ เรือนพัก และโรงเก็บหัวรถจักรข้าง ๆ" }, "kin": [ { "to": "chiang-mai-station", "as": "What changed the city before it.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "tha-phae-road", "as": "Its spine.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "era-siam-1900-1950", "as": "Its era.", "rel": "era" }, { "to": "khu", "as": "It labels the moat with this word.", "rel": "word" }, { "to": "khua", "as": "Kua Kom Gate is on it.", "rel": "word" }, { "to": "route-108", "as": "Labelled TO HANG DONG & CHOM THONG.", "rel": "highway" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-1931/map-1931-map-of-chiengmai-chiang-mai-city-1931.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Map of Chiengmai (Chiang Mai) City 1931.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Map_of_Chiengmai_%28Chiang_Mai%29_City_1931.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMap_of_Chiengmai_%28Chiang_Mai%29_City_1931.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "Old Maps Online (stored at the British Library) - https://www.oldmapsonline.org/en/maps/b84b50de-cdf9-5c61-9d88-a76fcd5a8464?year=1850&gid=b3777b75-7966-559f-85d0-b1b1aaa602d3#position=16.6004/18.", "alt": "Map of Chiengmai (Chiang Mai) city, 1931. This is the capital of Chiang Mai province. The top left stamp says: \"Royal Insurance Company Limited, 26 October 1931 Liverpool.\"", "date": "1931", "primary": true, "sha256": "c9a96601fa58227d8be39b33dc84d6261b93c20ddd1170e9f6ff8c9d7da8e05c" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "suan-prung-gate", "type": "gate", "name": "Suan Prung Gate", "as": "Where the older spelling is." }, { "from": "route-108", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 108, southwest to Mae Hong Son", "as": "Where it is labelled." }, { "from": "khu", "type": "word", "name": "คู khu", "as": "Labels it khu wiang." }, { "from": "khua", "type": "word", "name": "ขัว khua", "as": "Where the gate is named." }, { "from": "kamphaeng-din", "type": "place", "name": "Kamphaeng Din, the earthen wall", "as": "Where its line is drawn." } ] }, { "id": "map-1945", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "The 1945 city map", "th": "แผนที่เมือง 2488", "said": "1:5,000, printed at the Survey of India, three years before the moat roads.", "said_th": "มาตราส่วน 1:5,000 พิมพ์ที่ Survey of India สามปีก่อนถนนรอบคู" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "era": "siam", "year": "1945", "order": 5 }, "sheet": { "year": "1945", "maker": "Survey of India", "maker_th": "Survey of India", "shows": "The square in the last year it was a fortification rather than a roundabout.", "shows_th": "สี่เหลี่ยมในปีสุดท้ายที่มันเป็นป้อม ไม่ใช่วงเวียน", "scale": "1:5,000", "extent": "the city, 57 × 87 cm", "extent_th": "ตัวเมือง 57 × 87 ซม.", "holding": "American Geographical Society", "year_note": "first edition August 1945, compiled from a Siamese 1:5,000 sheet of 1930 and air photographs of March 1945", "sheet_no": "AMS series L904" }, "text": { "what": "Printed at the Survey of India offices at 1:5,000, 57 by 87 cm, held by the American Geographical Society. It is the last map on this site that shows the old city before the municipality built the roads on both banks of the moat in 1948 and demolished stretches of the wall to do it.", "story": "*Inference —* this sheet and a modern one, laid side by side, are the whole argument of this site in two pictures. The square is the same square. Everything outside it is different, and the difference is rings.", "how": "**Read off the sheet.** Its compilation note says it was made from a Siamese map of Chiangmai at 1:5,000 dated 1930, with additions and corrections from air photographs of March 1945. First edition August 1945, printed at the Survey of India Offices, Army Map Service series L904, and the copy carries a Library of Congress exchange stamp of June 1950. The moat is labelled KHU WIANG (Moat) on all four sides. Its glossary translates the words this site is built on: Thanon is Road or Street, Pratu is Gate, Tha is a Ford or Landing place, Talat is Market, Wat is Temple or Monastery, Khlong is a Pond or Stream." }, "text_th": { "what": "พิมพ์ที่สำนักงาน Survey of India มาตราส่วน 1:5,000 ขนาด 57 คูณ 87 ซม. เก็บโดย American Geographical Society เป็นแผนที่แผ่นสุดท้ายบนเว็บนี้ที่แสดงเวียงเก่าก่อนเทศบาลสร้างถนนสองฝั่งคูในปี 2491 และรื้อกำแพงบางช่วงเพื่อทำอย่างนั้น", "story": "*อนุมาน —* แผ่นนี้กับแผ่นสมัยใหม่ วางเคียงกัน คือข้อโต้แย้งทั้งหมดของเว็บนี้ในสองภาพ สี่เหลี่ยมยังเป็นสี่เหลี่ยมเดิม ทุกอย่างนอกมันต่างไป และความต่างคือวงแหวน", "how": "**อ่านจากแผ่นเอง** หมายเหตุการจัดทำบอกว่าทำจากแผนที่เมืองเชียงใหม่ของสยาม มาตราส่วน 1:5,000 ลงปี 2473 พร้อมเพิ่มเติมและแก้ไขจากภาพถ่ายทางอากาศเดือนมีนาคม 2488 พิมพ์ครั้งแรกสิงหาคม 2488 ที่สำนักงาน Survey of India ชุด L904 ของ Army Map Service และฉบับนี้มีตราแลกเปลี่ยนของหอสมุดรัฐสภาอเมริกันเดือนมิถุนายน 2493 คูเมืองกำกับว่า KHU WIANG (Moat) ทั้งสี่ด้าน อภิธานของมันแปลคำที่เว็บนี้สร้างขึ้นจาก ถนนคือ Road หรือ Street ประตูคือ Gate ท่าคือที่ข้ามหรือที่ขึ้นบก ตลาดคือ Market วัดคือ Temple หรือ Monastery คลองคือบ่อหรือลำธาร" }, "kin": [ { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "Built three years later.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "era-siam-1900-1950", "as": "Its era.", "rel": "era" }, { "to": "what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city", "as": "The argument.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "khu", "as": "It labels the moat with this word.", "rel": "word" }, { "to": "wiang", "as": "And with this one.", "rel": "word" }, { "to": "thanon", "as": "Its glossary defines it.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-1945/map-1945-chiang-mai-1945.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai 1945.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Chiang_Mai_1945.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_1945.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Survey of India Offices", "credit": "University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries - https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/6966/rec/1", "alt": "Old map of Chiang Mai (Thailand) in 1945. Printed at the Survey of India Offices. Size: 57 x 87 cm. Scale: \t\n1:5,000. Repository: American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwauk", "date": "1945", "primary": true, "sha256": "a6f7a69b50f641ddc92c4f0518f2abb5e629f1d18e4f92436eeca193d953a59e" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "map-war-office-1946", "type": "map", "name": "The War Office sheet, 1946", "as": "Its city-scale sibling." }, { "from": "khu", "type": "word", "name": "คู khu", "as": "Labels it khu wiang." }, { "from": "wiang", "type": "word", "name": "เวียง wiang", "as": "Where it is written." } ] }, { "id": "map-ams-chiang-mai", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "The Army Map Service sheet, NE 47-6 Chiang Mai", "th": "แผ่น NE 47-6 เชียงใหม่ ของ Army Map Service", "said": "1:250,000, series L509, and the first sheet here with a road classification on it.", "said_th": "1:250,000 ชุด L509 และเป็นแผ่นแรกที่นี่ที่มีการจำแนกชั้นถนน" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "era": "siam", "year": "1954", "order": 6 }, "sheet": { "year": "1954", "maker": "US Army Map Service", "maker_th": "US Army Map Service", "shows": "The regional road network fifteen years before Route 11, classified by whether it was passable in the rains.", "shows_th": "โครงข่ายถนนภูมิภาคสิบห้าปีก่อนทางหลวง 11 จำแนกตามว่าฤดูฝนผ่านได้ก่อ", "scale": "1:250,000", "sheet_no": "NE 47-6, series L509" }, "text": { "what": "Sheet NE 47-6 of series L509, the US Army Map Service's 1:250,000 cover of Indochina and Thailand, from 1954. It carries the region at the moment before the Superhighway: roads classified by surface and weather, the Lamphun road as the main line south, and no ring of any kind around the city.", "story": "*Inference —* an army map classifies a road by whether you can get a truck down it in the rains, which is the most useful thing anyone has ever put on a map of this province. The distinction has gone from modern maps, and the road it describes has not." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผ่น NE 47-6 ของชุด L509 แผนที่มาตราส่วน 1:250,000 ครอบคลุมอินโดจีนและประเทศไทยของ US Army Map Service ปี 2497 มันแสดงภูมิภาคในช่วงก่อนซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ ถนนจำแนกตามผิวทางและฤดู ถนนลำพูนเป็นเส้นหลักลงใต้ และไม่มีวงแหวนใด ๆ รอบเมือง", "story": "*อนุมาน —* แผนที่ทหารจำแนกถนนด้วยว่าเอารถบรรทุกลงไปได้ก่อในฤดูฝน ซึ่งเป็นสิ่งมีประโยชน์ที่สุดที่ใครเคยใส่ลงบนแผนที่ของจังหวัดนี้ ความแตกต่างนั้นหายไปจากแผนที่สมัยใหม่แล้ว ส่วนถนนที่มันบรรยายยังไม่หาย" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-106", "as": "The main line south on it.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "route-11", "as": "What came fifteen years later.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "era-superhighway-1969", "as": "The era it precedes.", "rel": "era" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-ams-chiang-mai/map-ams-chiang-mai-map-by-the-us-army-map-service-ne-47-6-chiang-mai-in-d73ec02.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Map by the US Army Map Service - NE 47-6 Chiang Mai - indochina and thailand - txu-oclc-6535632-ne47-6.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Map_by_the_US_Army_Map_Service_-_NE_47-6_Chiang_Mai_-_indochina_and_thailand_-_txu-oclc-6535632-ne47-6.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMap_by_the_US_Army_Map_Service_-_NE_47-6_Chiang_Mai_-_indochina_and_thailand_-_txu-oclc-6535632-ne47-6.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "United States Army Map Service", "credit": "https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/indochina_and_thailand/ [1]", "alt": "NE 47-6 Chiang Mai - (6.9 MB) - Indochina and Thailand, Series L509, 1:250,000, U.S. Army Map Service, 1954-", "date": "", "primary": true, "sha256": "0d664a3f5e7065460e1fab6c719f8bc5dabbbdc327fff4106ebb3a566cfd3316" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "map-ams-saraphi", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "The Army Map Service sheet, Ban Saraphi", "th": "แผ่นบ้านสารภี ของ Army Map Service", "said": "1:50,000, sheet 5455 II: the yang tree road, surveyed.", "said_th": "1:50,000 แผ่น 5455 II ถนนต้นยาง ที่ถูกรังวัด" }, "region": [ "ring3" ], "facets": { "era": "siam", "year": "1959", "order": 7 }, "sheet": { "year": "1959", "maker": "US Army Map Service", "maker_th": "US Army Map Service", "shows": "The Lamphun road and the fields around it at fifty-metre contours, before any ring reached this far south.", "shows_th": "ถนนลำพูนและท้องนารอบมันที่เส้นชั้นความสูงห้าสิบเมตร ก่อนวงแหวนใดจะมาถึงทางใต้ขนาดนี้", "scale": "1:50,000", "sheet_no": "5455 II, series L708" }, "text": { "what": "Sheet 5455 II of series L708, the 1:50,000 cover of Thailand, 1959. Saraphi is the district the Chiang Mai to Lamphun road runs through, and this is the sheet the yang trees are on, seventy-seven years after they were planted and ten years before the Superhighway took the Bangkok traffic off them." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผ่น 5455 II ของชุด L708 แผนที่มาตราส่วน 1:50,000 ครอบคลุมประเทศไทย ปี 2502 สารภีคืออำเภอที่ถนนเชียงใหม่–ลำพูนผ่าน และนี่คือแผ่นที่ต้นยางอยู่ เจ็ดสิบเจ็ดปีหลังปลูก และสิบปีก่อนซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์เอารถกรุงเทพฯ ออกไป" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ton-yang-road", "as": "The road on it.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "the-trees-on-the-lamphun-road", "as": "The trees.", "rel": "story" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-ams-saraphi/map-ams-saraphi-map-by-the-us-army-map-service-ban-saraphi-thailand-acec73a.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Map by the US Army Map Service - Ban Saraphi - thailand - txu-pclmaps-oclc-64072042-ban-saraphi.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Map_by_the_US_Army_Map_Service_-_Ban_Saraphi_-_thailand_-_txu-pclmaps-oclc-64072042-ban-saraphi.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMap_by_the_US_Army_Map_Service_-_Ban_Saraphi_-_thailand_-_txu-pclmaps-oclc-64072042-ban-saraphi.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "United States Army Map Service", "credit": "https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/thailand/ [1]", "alt": "Ban Saraphi - Sheet 5455 II, 1:50,000 1959 (5.0 MB) - Thailand, Series L708, 1:50,000, U.S. Army Map Service, 1959-", "date": "1959", "primary": true, "sha256": "f803b65acb7b2a4a7bd41bf65c455c5d81ac1b7aa29d296b75ff20940d232ade" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "map-bock-1881", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "Bock's route to the north, 1881", "th": "เส้นทางขึ้นเหนือของบ็อก 2424", "said": "A Norwegian walked to Chiang Saen and drew the way he went.", "said_th": "ชาวนอร์เวย์เดินไปเชียงแสนแล้ววาดทางที่เขาไป" }, "region": [ "thailand" ], "facets": { "era": "kawila", "year": "1881", "order": 9 }, "sheet": { "year": "1881", "maker": "Carl Bock", "maker_th": "คาร์ล บ็อก", "year_note": "the journey was 1881; the book and its plates were published in 1884", "shows": "One route, drawn as a strip, with nothing either side of it.", "shows_th": "เส้นทางเดียว วาดเป็นแถบ ไม่มีอะไรสองข้าง", "holding": "Bibliothèque nationale de France" }, "text": { "what": "Carl Bock's map of the route from Bangkok to Chiang Saen, from Through Upper Siam and Lao, his narrative of a journey of exploration published in 1884. The sheet is a strip: it is long and narrow because a route is long and narrow, and everything either side of it is blank because he did not go there.", "story": "*Inference —* a strip map is what you draw when there is one way to go. Bock went up the Ping by boat and over the passes by elephant, and the sheet is shaped like that journey. Ninety years later the same trip is Route 11 and Route 118 and you can do it between breakfast and lunch." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผนที่เส้นทางจากกรุงเทพฯ ถึงเชียงแสนของคาร์ล บ็อก จากหนังสือ Through Upper Siam and Lao บันทึกการเดินทางสำรวจที่ตีพิมพ์ปี 2427 แผ่นนี้เป็นแถบ ยาวและแคบเพราะเส้นทางยาวและแคบ และทุกอย่างสองข้างว่างเปล่าเพราะเขาไม่ได้ไปตรงนั้น", "story": "*อนุมาน —* แผนที่แบบแถบคือสิ่งที่คุณวาดเมื่อมีทางไปทางเดียว บ็อกขึ้นแม่ปิงด้วยเรือและข้ามช่องเขาด้วยช้าง และแผ่นนี้มีรูปร่างเหมือนการเดินทางนั้น เก้าสิบปีต่อมา ทริปเดียวกันคือทางหลวง 11 กับ 118 และไปได้ระหว่างมื้อเช้ากับมื้อเที่ยง" }, "kin": [ { "to": "map-pavie-1884", "as": "The same decade, the same problem.", "rel": "map" }, { "to": "ping-river", "as": "How he came up.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "route-118", "as": "What the journey is now.", "rel": "highway" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-bock-1881/map-bock-1881-route-from-bangkok-to-chiang-saen-map-1881-by-carl-bock.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Route from Bangkok to Chiang Saen Map 1881 by Carl Bock.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Route_from_Bangkok_to_Chiang_Saen_Map_1881_by_Carl_Bock.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARoute_from_Bangkok_to_Chiang_Saen_Map_1881_by_Carl_Bock.png", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Carl Bock (1849-1932), Edward Weller (cartographer) (1819–1884)", "credit": "Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek - https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/XITEX7XCXJSTA4K5VNY2GJPYUTFY5ONI#item-detail", "alt": "The Norwegian explorer Carl Bock travelled through Thailand in 1881 with the support of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). This map shows his route from Bangkok to Chiang Saen (Kiang-Tsen). From the book Te", "date": "1881", "primary": true, "sha256": "efa42568da492bf46a19529f5f452fdf0ee982efb4c5d32040795b56e60549f8" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "map-lanna", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "The Lanna city map", "th": "แผนที่เวียงสมัยล้านนา", "said": "The square, drawn from the inside, with the ruler's portrait beside it.", "said_th": "สี่เหลี่ยมวาดจากข้างใน กับรูปเจ้าอยู่ข้าง ๆ" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "facets": { "era": "lanna", "year": "19th century", "order": 1 }, "sheet": { "year": "19th century", "maker": "unknown", "maker_th": "ไม่ปรากฏผู้จัดทำ", "shows": "The wall and the gates, and streets only where a street leads to something worth drawing.", "shows_th": "กำแพงและประตู และถนนเฉพาะตรงที่ถนนพาไปหาสิ่งที่ควรวาด" }, "text": { "what": "An undated Lanna-era map of the walled city, with a portrait of a ruler at the left, the palace, the temples and the wall. It is a picture of a place rather than a survey of one: nothing on it is to scale and everything on it is where it belongs.", "story": "*Inference —* the useful thing about a map that is not to scale is that it tells you what mattered. The wall is drawn thick, the wats are drawn large, and the roads are barely there. A road was not yet a thing you drew." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผนที่เวียงสมัยล้านนาที่ไม่ระบุปี มีรูปเจ้าอยู่ด้านซ้าย มีคุ้ม วัด และกำแพง มันเป็นภาพของสถานที่ มากกว่าการรังวัดสถานที่ ไม่มีอะไรบนนั้นได้สัดส่วน และทุกอย่างบนนั้นอยู่ตรงที่มันควรอยู่", "story": "*อนุมาน —* สิ่งที่มีประโยชน์ของแผนที่ที่ไม่ได้สัดส่วนคือมันบอกว่าอะไรสำคัญ กำแพงวาดหนา วัดวาดใหญ่ และถนนแทบไม่มี ถนนยังไม่ใช่สิ่งที่คนวาด" }, "kin": [ { "to": "the-moat", "as": "The square it draws.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "era-lanna-and-burma", "as": "Its era.", "rel": "era" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "low", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-lanna/map-lanna-chiang-mai-city-old-map-lan-na-kingdom.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai City Old Map Lan Na Kingdom.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Chiang_Mai_City_Old_Map_Lan_Na_Kingdom.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_City_Old_Map_Lan_Na_Kingdom.png", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "www.shorthistoryoflanna.blogspot.com (see also: https://www.matichon.co.th/weekly/column/article_18712 (https://archive.vn/gI1uM).)", "alt": "Chiang Mai City old map during the Lan Na kingdom (in Thailand). The portrait of a ruler (king) is on the left side. There is a castle, palace, temples, local houses, the treasury, the city wall with ", "date": "Circa 19th century or earlier", "primary": true, "sha256": "da09dbd52b5bd91ad687b7e7d2bd1342577654c8ff6133be23f5c3975d18e4a2" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "map-loubere-1693", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "Loubère's Siam, 1693", "th": "สยามของลูแบร์ 2236", "said": "The oldest sheet here, and there is no Chiang Mai on it.", "said_th": "แผ่นเก่าสุดที่นี่ และไม่มีเชียงใหม่อยู่บนมัน" }, "region": [ "thailand" ], "facets": { "era": "lanna", "year": "1693", "order": 8 }, "sheet": { "year": "1693", "maker": "Simon de la Loubère", "maker_th": "ซีมง เดอ ลา ลูแบร์", "shows": "Rivers, and the roads not at all.", "shows_th": "แม่น้ำ และไม่มีถนนเลย" }, "text": { "what": "Simon de la Loubère's map of Siam, English edition, from the account of his embassy to Ayutthaya. Lanna was not Siam in 1693 and the north of this map is guesswork. It is here as the base line: the first European drawing of the kingdom this city would later be governed from.", "story": "*Inference —* for two hundred years after this map the way to reach Chiang Mai from Bangkok was the river, and the maps show it: water is drawn, land routes are not. The road network of this province begins on paper in the 1880s, with Pavie and McCarthy." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผนที่สยามของซีมง เดอ ลา ลูแบร์ ฉบับภาษาอังกฤษ จากบันทึกคณะทูตของเขาที่อยุธยา ล้านนาไม่ใช่สยามในปี 2236 และภาคเหนือของแผนที่นี้เป็นการเดา มันอยู่ที่นี่ในฐานะเส้นฐาน ภาพวาดยุโรปชิ้นแรกของอาณาจักรที่เมืองนี้จะถูกปกครองจากมันในภายหลัง", "story": "*อนุมาน —* สองร้อยปีหลังแผนที่นี้ ทางไปเชียงใหม่จากกรุงเทพฯ คือแม่น้ำ และแผนที่แสดงอย่างนั้น น้ำถูกวาด ทางบกไม่ถูกวาด โครงข่ายถนนของจังหวัดนี้เริ่มบนกระดาษในทศวรรษ 2420 กับปาวีและแม็กคาร์ธี" }, "kin": [ { "to": "map-pavie-1884", "as": "Where the land routes start.", "rel": "map" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-loubere-1693/map-loubere-1693-kingdom-of-siam-map-thailand-in-1693-by-loubere.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Kingdom of Siam Map (Thailand) in 1693 by Loubere.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Kingdom_of_Siam_Map_%28Thailand%29_in_1693_by_Loubere.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AKingdom_of_Siam_Map_%28Thailand%29_in_1693_by_Loubere.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Simon de la Loubère", "credit": "Forum Auctions - https://www.forumauctions.co.uk/55860/South-East-Asia.-La-Loub-232re-Simon-de-A-New-Historical-Relation-of-the-Kingdom-of-Siam-2-vol.-in-1-first-English-edition-1693?view=lot_detail&a", "alt": "This is the English edition of a French map of Siam (Thailand) in 1693 by Simon de la Loubère.", "date": "1693", "primary": true, "sha256": "3aa4ce30b4b929bdc04e7e943b103733d5c6429687a29af75c733b8d73c80b12" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "map-mccarthy-1888", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "McCarthy's Siam, 1888", "th": "สยามของแม็กคาร์ธี 2431", "said": "The first survey, made for Siam by an Englishman, with the north still a dependency.", "said_th": "การรังวัดครั้งแรก ทำให้สยามโดยชาวอังกฤษ โดยภาคเหนือยังเป็นประเทศราช" }, "region": [ "thailand" ], "facets": { "era": "kawila", "year": "1888", "order": 10 }, "sheet": { "year": "1888", "maker": "James McCarthy, for the Siamese government", "maker_th": "เจมส์ แม็กคาร์ธี ทำให้รัฐบาลสยาม", "shows": "The north as a dependency, and the survey lines that made it a province.", "shows_th": "ภาคเหนือในฐานะประเทศราช และเส้นรังวัดที่ทำให้มันเป็นจังหวัด" }, "text": { "what": "James McCarthy's map of the kingdom and its dependencies, from government surveys under his direction. Its dependencies are Laos, part of Cambodia and the northern Shan States. Chiang Mai appears on it as a place in a tributary state, six years after the yang trees went in on the Lamphun road." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผนที่อาณาจักรและประเทศราชของเจมส์ แม็กคาร์ธี จากการรังวัดของรัฐบาลภายใต้การกำกับของเขา ประเทศราชคือลาว บางส่วนของกัมพูชา และรัฐฉานเหนือ เชียงใหม่ปรากฏบนนั้นเป็นเมืองในประเทศราช หกปีหลังต้นยางลงบนถนนลำพูน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "map-mccarthy-1900", "as": "His later sheet.", "rel": "map" }, { "to": "phraya-surasi", "as": "The commissioner of the same decade.", "rel": "person" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-mccarthy-1888/map-mccarthy-1888-kingdom-of-siam-thailand-and-dependencies-map-1888-j-b96658d.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Kingdom of Siam (Thailand) and Dependencies Map 1888 James McCarthy.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Kingdom_of_Siam_%28Thailand%29_and_Dependencies_Map_1888_James_McCarthy.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AKingdom_of_Siam_%28Thailand%29_and_Dependencies_Map_1888_James_McCarthy.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "James Fitzroy McCarthy (1853–1919), Henry Scharbau (1822–1902), Edward Weller (1819 – May 1884)", "credit": "University of Milwaukee - https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/12541/", "alt": "Map of the Kingdom of Siam (Thailand) and its dependencies. Siam's dependencies include Laos, parts of Cambodia and the northern Shan States. Constructed from the Siamese government surveys under the ", "date": "1888", "primary": true, "sha256": "47e2a6aea77419eeaa0cf61ee97cda11bbbe1249d2775c0f8bb1c9da3120af2e" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "map-pavie-1884", "type": "map", "name": "Pavie's itineraries, 1880–1884", "as": "The survey that followed." } ] }, { "id": "map-mccarthy-1900", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "McCarthy's Siam, 1900", "th": "สยามของแม็กคาร์ธี 2443", "said": "Twelve years later, ordered by a prince, and the north is inside the line.", "said_th": "สิบสองปีต่อมา สั่งทำโดยเจ้านาย และภาคเหนืออยู่ในเส้นแล้ว" }, "region": [ "thailand" ], "facets": { "era": "kawila", "year": "1900", "order": 11 }, "sheet": { "year": "1900", "maker": "James McCarthy, by order of a Siamese prince", "maker_th": "เจมส์ แม็กคาร์ธี ตามบัญชาเจ้านายสยาม", "shows": "A province where a tributary state had been, and roads beginning to be worth drawing.", "shows_th": "จังหวัดตรงที่เคยเป็นประเทศราช และถนนเริ่มมีค่าพอให้วาด" }, "text": { "what": "The second McCarthy sheet, from government surveys by order of a Siamese prince. Between this map and the last one the north stopped being a dependency and became Monthon Phayap, administered by a high commissioner from Bangkok. The commissioner of that decade is the one who had the yang trees planted and the Hang Dong road built." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผ่นที่สองของแม็กคาร์ธี จากการรังวัดของรัฐบาลตามบัญชาของเจ้านายสยาม ระหว่างแผนที่นี้กับแผ่นก่อน ภาคเหนือเลิกเป็นประเทศราชและกลายเป็นมณฑลพายัพ ปกครองโดยข้าหลวงใหญ่จากกรุงเทพฯ ข้าหลวงของทศวรรษนั้นคือคนที่ให้ปลูกต้นยางและสร้างถนนหางดง" }, "kin": [ { "to": "phraya-surasi", "as": "The commissioner.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "ton-yang-road", "as": "What he had planted.", "rel": "road" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-mccarthy-1900/map-mccarthy-1900-kingdom-of-siam-thailand-map-1900-mccarthy.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Kingdom of Siam (Thailand) Map 1900 McCarthy.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Kingdom_of_Siam_%28Thailand%29_Map_1900_McCarthy.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AKingdom_of_Siam_%28Thailand%29_Map_1900_McCarthy.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "James Fitzroy McCarthy (1853–1919)", "credit": "University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries - https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/8160/", "alt": "Map of the Kingdom of Siam (Thailand) and its dependencies. From Government surveys under the direction of James McCarthy by order of H.R.H. Prince Mahisra Rajarudhu. The map also shows neighboring co", "date": "1900", "primary": true, "sha256": "489d935c00578bbd4ae6480fbf4d8cab721535d0b54081ae2078ca65e9d9bf3d" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "map-mccarthy-1888", "type": "map", "name": "McCarthy's Siam, 1888", "as": "His later sheet." } ] }, { "id": "map-pavie-1884", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "Pavie's itineraries, 1880–1884", "th": "เส้นทางเดินทางของปาวี 2423–2427", "said": "Not a map of roads. A map of one man's routes, which is what a road was.", "said_th": "บ่ใช่แผนที่ถนน เป็นแผนที่เส้นทางของคนคนเดียว ซึ่งตอนนั้นถนนก็คืออย่างนั้น" }, "region": [ "thailand" ], "facets": { "era": "kawila", "year": "1884", "order": 9 }, "sheet": { "year": "1884", "maker": "Auguste Pavie", "maker_th": "โอกุสต์ ปาวี", "shows": "The routes as travelled, with the places strung along them.", "shows_th": "เส้นทางตามที่เดินจริง กับสถานที่ร้อยเรียงตามมัน", "extent": "106 × 130 cm", "extent_th": "106 × 130 ซม." }, "text": { "what": "Auguste Pavie's own traverses through Cambodia and Siam, 1880 to 1884, drawn at 106 by 130 cm. A French colonial officer walked and floated the routes and the lines on the sheet are where he went. The distinction between a route and a road had not been made yet, because there was nothing in the north that would survive a rainy season." }, "text_th": { "what": "เส้นทางที่โอกุสต์ ปาวี เดินเองผ่านกัมพูชาและสยาม ปี 2423 ถึง 2427 วาดขนาด 106 คูณ 130 ซม. นายทหารอาณานิคมฝรั่งเศสเดินและล่องไปตามเส้นทาง และเส้นบนแผ่นคือที่ที่เขาไป ความต่างระหว่างเส้นทางกับถนนยังไม่ถูกแยก เพราะไม่มีอะไรในภาคเหนือที่จะรอดฤดูฝน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "map-mccarthy-1888", "as": "The survey that followed.", "rel": "map" }, { "to": "era-kawila-1796-1900", "as": "Its era.", "rel": "era" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-pavie-1884/map-pavie-1884-carte-cambodge-et-siam-itineraires-de-auguste-pavie-f90084f.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Carte Cambodge et Siam Itineraires de Auguste Pavie 1880-1884.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Carte_Cambodge_et_Siam_Itineraires_de_Auguste_Pavie_1880-1884.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACarte_Cambodge_et_Siam_Itineraires_de_Auguste_Pavie_1880-1884.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie (1847 - 1925)", "credit": "Geographicus - https://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/siamcambodge-pavie-1885", "alt": "French map, title: 'Itinéraires de Mr. A. Pavie dans le sud-ouest de L'Indo-Chine Orientale (Cambodge et Siam) (1880 - 1884).' Size: 106.68 x 129.54 cm. Scale: 1 : 460000. This maps shows Battambang p", "date": "1884", "primary": true, "sha256": "4b9b111a52fc5b05102c5e40ae78cc55d188a93d30f9b737c56e6d5a1c760d0a" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "map-bock-1881", "type": "map", "name": "Bock's route to the north, 1881", "as": "The same decade, the same problem." }, { "from": "map-loubere-1693", "type": "map", "name": "Loubère's Siam, 1693", "as": "Where the land routes start." } ] }, { "id": "map-railways-1930", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "The Siam State Railways map, 1930", "th": "แผนที่รถไฟหลวงสยาม 2473", "said": "Nine years after the train reached Chiang Mai, at 1:2,500,000.", "said_th": "เก้าปีหลังรถไฟถึงเชียงใหม่ มาตราส่วน 1:2,500,000" }, "region": [ "thailand" ], "facets": { "era": "siam", "year": "1930", "order": 12 }, "sheet": { "year": "1930", "maker": "Royal State Railway Department of Siam", "maker_th": "กรมรถไฟหลวงแห่งสยาม", "shows": "The line that made the east bank of the Ping the commercial side of the city.", "shows_th": "ทางรถไฟที่ทำให้ฝั่งตะวันออกของแม่ปิงเป็นฝั่งการค้าของเมือง", "scale": "1:2,500,000", "holding": "Bibliothèque nationale de France" }, "text": { "what": "The state railway's own network map at 1:2,500,000, in English, showing the northern line complete to Chiang Mai. The train had arrived on 1 January 1921 through the Khun Tan tunnel, and this is the network as the railway wanted it seen nine years later." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผนที่โครงข่ายของการรถไฟหลวงเอง มาตราส่วน 1:2,500,000 ภาษาอังกฤษ แสดงทางสายเหนือครบถึงเชียงใหม่ รถไฟมาถึงวันที่ 1 มกราคม 2464 ผ่านอุโมงค์ขุนตาน และนี่คือโครงข่ายอย่างที่การรถไฟอยากให้เห็นในเก้าปีต่อมา" }, "kin": [ { "to": "chiang-mai-station", "as": "The terminus.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "map-railways-1934", "as": "Four years on.", "rel": "map" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-railways-1930/map-railways-1930-map-of-the-siam-state-railways-btv1b53195599n.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Map of the Siam State Railways - btv1b53195599n.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Map_of_the_Siam_State_Railways_-_btv1b53195599n.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMap_of_the_Siam_State_Railways_-_btv1b53195599n.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "ROYAL STATE RAILWAY DEPARTMENT OF SIAM (Thaïlande). Auteur du texte", "credit": "Bibliothèque nationale de France", "alt": "Sujet : Chemins de fer\nSiam, Royaume de -- Chemins de fer\nÉchelle(s) : 1:2 500 000\nCouverture : Monde\nLangue : anglais\n\nÉditeur : [s.n.]", "date": "1930date QS:P571,+1930-00-00T00:00:00Z/9", "primary": true, "sha256": "fe594f685e6886afb54cb113af4cccb7444309c088faf5bd253626f604d8168e" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "map-railways-1934", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "The Royal State Railways map, 1934", "th": "แผนที่การรถไฟหลวง 2477", "said": "The same network, renamed, the year the monk broke ground on the mountain.", "said_th": "โครงข่ายเดิม เปลี่ยนชื่อ ปีเดียวกับที่ครูบาจกจอบแรกบนดอย" }, "region": [ "thailand" ], "facets": { "era": "srivichai", "year": "1934", "order": 13 }, "sheet": { "year": "1934", "maker": "Royal State Railway Department of Siam", "maker_th": "กรมรถไฟหลวงแห่งสยาม", "shows": "The state's idea of how you reach the north.", "shows_th": "ความคิดของรัฐว่าจะไปภาคเหนืออย่างไร", "scale": "1:2,500,000", "holding": "Bibliothèque nationale de France" }, "text": { "what": "The 1934 edition of the railway network at the same scale, under the name Royal State Railways of Siam. It is the same year Kruba Srivichai broke ground on the road up Doi Suthep, which is a useful pairing: the state was laying steel and a congregation was laying laterite, in the same province, in the same twelve months." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผนที่โครงข่ายรถไฟฉบับปี 2477 มาตราส่วนเดิม ในชื่อการรถไฟหลวงแห่งสยาม เป็นปีเดียวกับที่ครูบาศรีวิชัยจกจอบแรกของถนนขึ้นดอยสุเทพ ซึ่งเป็นการจับคู่ที่มีประโยชน์ รัฐกำลังวางเหล็ก และศรัทธากำลังวางลูกรัง ในจังหวัดเดียวกัน ในสิบสองเดือนเดียวกัน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "kruba-srivichai", "as": "The same year.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "si-wichai-road", "as": "What he built that year.", "rel": "road" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-railways-1934/map-railways-1934-map-of-the-royal-state-railways-of-siam-btv1b531955986.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Map of the Royal State Railways of Siam - btv1b531955986.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Map_of_the_Royal_State_Railways_of_Siam_-_btv1b531955986.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMap_of_the_Royal_State_Railways_of_Siam_-_btv1b531955986.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "ROYAL STATE RAILWAY DEPARTMENT OF SIAM (Thaïlande). Auteur du texte", "credit": "Bibliothèque nationale de France", "alt": "Sujet : Chemins de fer\nSiam, Royaume de -- Chemins de fer\nÉchelle(s) : 1:2 500 000\nCouverture : Monde\nLangue : anglais\n\nÉditeur : [s.n.]", "date": "1934date QS:P571,+1934-00-00T00:00:00Z/9", "primary": true, "sha256": "594ab9ece304d8c4774df29c980985996365656f50315db8666877f67b936c23" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "map-railways-1930", "type": "map", "name": "The Siam State Railways map, 1930", "as": "Four years on." } ] }, { "id": "map-royal-thai-1939", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "The first national map, 1939", "th": "แผนที่ชาติฉบับแรก 2482", "said": "The Royal Thai Survey Department, in Thai, and the country has a new name on it.", "said_th": "กรมแผนที่ทหาร เป็นภาษาไทย และประเทศมีชื่อใหม่บนนั้น" }, "region": [ "thailand" ], "facets": { "era": "siam", "year": "1939", "order": 14 }, "sheet": { "year": "1939", "maker": "Royal Thai Survey Department", "maker_th": "กรมแผนที่ทหาร", "shows": "The country under its new name, with the north drawn as part of it and not beside it.", "shows_th": "ประเทศภายใต้ชื่อใหม่ โดยภาคเหนือถูกวาดเป็นส่วนหนึ่ง ไม่ใช่อยู่ข้าง ๆ" }, "text": { "what": "A Royal Thai Survey Department map of mainland Southeast Asia, described as the first national map of Thailand and the first to carry the new name. Siam became Thailand in 1939, and the sheet is the state drawing itself as it wanted to be read." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผนที่เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ภาคพื้นทวีปของกรมแผนที่ทหาร ระบุว่าเป็นแผนที่ชาติฉบับแรกของประเทศไทยและฉบับแรกที่ใช้ชื่อใหม่ สยามกลายเป็นไทยในปี 2482 และแผ่นนี้คือรัฐวาดตัวเองอย่างที่อยากให้อ่าน" }, "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-royal-thai-1939/map-royal-thai-1939-1939-royal-thai-map-of-southeast-asia.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:1939 Royal Thai Map of Southeast Asia.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/1939_Royal_Thai_Map_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A1939_Royal_Thai_Map_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Royal Thai Survey Department (1939)", "credit": "Geographicus - https://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/thailand-royalthaisuvey-1939", "alt": "This exceptional 1939 Thai-language Royal Thai Survey Department map of Mainland Southeast Asia is the first national map of Thailand and the first to use the name 'Thailand' to describe the former Si", "date": "1939", "primary": true, "sha256": "f6cccd40904140aa469854c12d108b994e605b8ee61bc3f0e8cd7869816ee9d4" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "map-shell-1958", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "The Shell wall map, about 1958", "th": "แผนที่ติดผนังของเชลล์ ราว 2501", "said": "A petrol company's bilingual map, and the roads are the point of it.", "said_th": "แผนที่สองภาษาของบริษัทน้ำมัน และถนนคือประเด็นของมัน" }, "region": [ "thailand" ], "facets": { "era": "siam", "year": "c. 1958", "order": 16 }, "sheet": { "year": "c. 1958", "maker": "Shell Company of Thailand", "maker_th": "บริษัทเชลล์แห่งประเทศไทย", "shows": "The national road network a decade before the Superhighway, drawn by someone with a reason to get it right.", "shows_th": "โครงข่ายถนนของประเทศหนึ่งทศวรรษก่อนซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ วาดโดยคนที่มีเหตุผลจะทำให้ถูก", "year_note": "undated; about 1958 by the publisher's own description" }, "text": { "what": "A large bilingual wall map of Thailand issued by Shell, undated but about 1958: highways, railways, towns and topography. A petrol company draws the roads because the roads are the business, which makes an oil-company map the best road map of its decade.", "story": "*Inference —* this is the last national sheet on this site from before Route 11. Ten years later the Lampang road was built and the drive to Bangkok changed, and every map after it is a map of a country with a trunk road up the middle." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผนที่ติดผนังสองภาษาขนาดใหญ่ของประเทศไทย ออกโดยเชลล์ ไม่ระบุปีแต่ราว 2501 มีทางหลวง ทางรถไฟ เมือง และภูมิประเทศ บริษัทน้ำมันวาดถนนเพราะถนนคือธุรกิจ ซึ่งทำให้แผนที่ของบริษัทน้ำมันเป็นแผนที่ถนนที่ดีที่สุดของทศวรรษนั้น", "story": "*อนุมาน —* นี่คือแผ่นระดับประเทศแผ่นสุดท้ายบนเว็บนี้จากก่อนทางหลวง 11 สิบปีต่อมาถนนลำปางถูกสร้างและการขับไปกรุงเทพฯ เปลี่ยนไป และแผนที่ทุกแผ่นหลังจากนั้นคือแผนที่ของประเทศที่มีถนนสายหลักผ่ากลาง" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-11", "as": "What came ten years later.", "rel": "highway" }, { "to": "fuel-today", "as": "What a litre costs now.", "rel": "traffic" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-shell-1958/map-shell-1958-bilingual-wall-map-of-thailand-c1958-shell.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bilingual Wall Map of Thailand c1958 Shell.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Bilingual_Wall_Map_of_Thailand_c1958_Shell.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABilingual_Wall_Map_of_Thailand_c1958_Shell.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Shell (Shell Company of Thailand, Ltd.). Printed by George Philip and Son.", "credit": "Geographicus - https://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/thailand-philip-1958", "alt": "A large bilingual wall map of Thailand, circa 1958 (undated). It features infrastructure (highways, railways), cities, towns, topographic detail. A compass with the shell logo is above the map title. ", "date": "circa 1958date QS:P,+1958-00-00T00:00:00", "primary": true, "sha256": "690b5d23d2d0f716c899bd5be408c2687db2b298ef5e7ad65882afbffd026025" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "map-war-office-1946", "type": "map", "names": { "name": "The War Office sheet, 1946", "th": "แผ่นของ War Office 2489", "said": "London's map of Siam the year after the war, 85 cm across.", "said_th": "แผนที่สยามของลอนดอนในปีถัดจากสงคราม กว้าง 85 ซม." }, "region": [ "thailand" ], "facets": { "era": "siam", "year": "1946", "order": 15 }, "sheet": { "year": "1946", "maker": "War Office, London", "maker_th": "War Office ลอนดอน", "shows": "The country as the Allies had it, at the moment the roads were about to be built.", "shows_th": "ประเทศอย่างที่ฝ่ายสัมพันธมิตรมี ในช่วงเวลาที่ถนนกำลังจะถูกสร้าง", "extent": "85 cm across", "extent_th": "กว้าง 85 ซม." }, "text": { "what": "A coloured map of Siam by the War Office in London, the year after the war and two years before the moat roads. Wartime and immediately post-war mapping of this country is unusually good because armies needed it, and it is the reason a 1945 city sheet at 1:5,000 exists at all." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผนที่สยามสีของ War Office ในลอนดอน ปีถัดจากสงครามและสองปีก่อนถนนรอบคู การทำแผนที่ประเทศนี้ช่วงสงครามและหลังสงครามใหม่ ๆ ดีผิดปกติเพราะกองทัพต้องใช้ และเป็นเหตุที่แผ่นเมืองมาตราส่วน 1:5,000 ปี 2488 มีอยู่เลย" }, "kin": [ { "to": "map-1945", "as": "Its city-scale sibling.", "rel": "map" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:commons-map" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "map-war-office-1946/map-war-office-1946-siam-map-1946-thailand-by-war-office-london.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Siam Map 1946 (Thailand) by War Office London.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Siam_Map_1946_%28Thailand%29_by_War_Office_London.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASiam_Map_1946_%28Thailand%29_by_War_Office_London.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "War Office in London, United Kingdom, 1946", "credit": "Trove - https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2917615881/view?searchTerm=siam#search/siam", "alt": "Title: 'Siam'. Map of Siam (Thailand) in 1946. Creator: War Office, London (United Kingdom). Call Number MAP G8025 1946. Dimensions: 1 map : col. ; 85 x 52 cm. on sheet 102 x 61 cm. 1st edition.", "date": "1946", "primary": true, "sha256": "642b5770c6da337b0183328b3bbe9aac3f16e9c627a1180ad21637abcd0a7e62" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "block-length", "type": "measure", "names": { "name": "How far between intersections", "th": "ระหว่างแยกไกลแค่ไหน", "said": "A median block of 59 m in the square, 65 m past the outer ring.", "said_th": "บล็อกมัธยฐาน 59 เมตรในสี่เหลี่ยม 65 เมตรเลยวงแหวนรอบนอก" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "year": "2026" }, "text": { "what": "The median run of road between two intersections, per zone: 59 m inside the moat, 59 m to 3 km, 56 m to 5.5, 56 m to 9, 65 m beyond. The means are longer everywhere because a few long runs on the highways pull them.", "story": "*Inference —* the spread is narrower than the other measures because a hom is a hom everywhere: two metres wide and a house every fifteen. The difference between the zones is not how long the lanes are but whether they come out." }, "text_th": { "what": "ช่วงถนนมัธยฐานระหว่างสองแยก ต่อโซน 59 เมตรในคู 59 เมตรถึง 3 กม. 56 เมตรถึง 5.5 56 เมตรถึง 9 65 เมตรเกินนั้น ค่าเฉลี่ยยาวกว่าทุกที่เพราะช่วงยาวไม่กี่ช่วงบนทางหลวงดึงมัน", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ช่วงกว้างแคบกว่ามาตรอื่นเพราะฮ่อมคือฮ่อมทุกที่ กว้างสองเมตรและบ้านทุกสิบห้าเมตร ความต่างระหว่างโซนบ่ใช่ฮ่อมยาวเท่าไร แต่มันทะลุออกก่อ" }, "figure": { "value": 59, "unit": "metres, median block inside the moat", "unit_th": "เมตร บล็อกมัธยฐานในเวียง", "year": "2026", "source": "s:osm", "series": [ { "label": "inside the moat", "label_th": "ในเวียง", "value": 59 }, { "label": "moat to 3 km", "label_th": "นอกคูเมืองถึง 3 กม.", "value": 59 }, { "label": "3 to 5.5 km", "label_th": "3 ถึง 5.5 กม.", "value": 56 }, { "label": "5.5 to 9 km", "label_th": "5.5 ถึง 9 กม.", "value": 56 }, { "label": "past 9 km", "label_th": "เกิน 9 กม.", "value": 65 } ], "method": "Along each way in the network proper, the distance accumulated between consecutive intersection nodes; the median of those runs per zone.", "method_th": "ตามแต่ละเส้นทางในโครงข่ายหลัก ระยะสะสมระหว่างจุดแยกที่ติดกัน มัธยฐานของช่วงเหล่านั้นต่อโซน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "intersection-density", "as": "The count this is the inverse of.", "rel": "measure" } ], "tags": [ "fun" ], "sources": [ "s:osm", "s:boeing-2019" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "harvested", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "construction-on-the-map", "type": "measure", "names": { "name": "What the map says is being built", "th": "แผนที่บอกว่ากำลังสร้างอะไร", "said": "111 ways tagged under construction, 16.9 km, on the day of the harvest.", "said_th": "111 เส้นทางติดแท็กกำลังสร้าง 16.9 กม. วันที่เก็บข้อมูล" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "year": "2026" }, "text": { "what": "OpenStreetMap's highway=construction, in the box: 111 ways, 16.9 km. The longest: unnamed 0.8 km, unnamed 0.8 km, unnamed 0.63 km, unnamed 0.56 km, unnamed 0.45 km, unnamed 0.35 km. A volunteer tag, dated by the last person who looked; the plans page has what the departments say.", "story": "*Inference —* the map and the ministry disagree on what is being built, and both are right on the day they were written. The interchanges on the outer ring are on one list; the lane behind a housing estate is on the other." }, "text_th": { "what": "highway=construction ของ OpenStreetMap ในกรอบ 111 เส้นทาง 16.9 กม. ยาวสุด: ไม่มีชื่อ 0.8 กม., ไม่มีชื่อ 0.8 กม., ไม่มีชื่อ 0.63 กม., ไม่มีชื่อ 0.56 กม., ไม่มีชื่อ 0.45 กม., ไม่มีชื่อ 0.35 กม. แท็กของอาสาสมัคร ลงวันที่โดยคนสุดท้ายที่ดู หน้าแผนมีสิ่งที่กรมบอก", "story": "*อนุมาน —* แผนที่กับกระทรวงเห็นต่างกันว่ากำลังสร้างอะไร และทั้งคู่ถูกในวันที่เขียน ทางแยกต่างระดับบนวงแหวนรอบนอกอยู่ในรายการหนึ่ง ฮ่อมหลังหมู่บ้านจัดสรรอยู่อีกรายการ" }, "figure": { "value": 111, "unit": "ways under construction", "unit_th": "เส้นทางกำลังสร้าง", "year": "2026", "source": "s:osm", "series": [ { "label": "unnamed", "value": 0.8 }, { "label": "unnamed", "value": 0.8 }, { "label": "unnamed", "value": 0.63 }, { "label": "unnamed", "value": 0.56 }, { "label": "unnamed", "value": 0.45 }, { "label": "unnamed", "value": 0.35 }, { "label": "unnamed", "value": 0.34 }, { "label": "unnamed", "value": 0.33 }, { "label": "unnamed", "value": 0.33 }, { "label": "unnamed", "value": 0.29 }, { "label": "unnamed", "value": 0.28 }, { "label": "unnamed", "value": 0.28 } ], "method": "highway=construction ways in the box, by length.", "method_th": "เส้นทาง highway=construction ในกรอบ ตามความยาว" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-3-interchanges", "as": "What the department says.", "rel": "plan" } ], "tags": [ "fun" ], "sources": [ "s:osm", "s:boeing-2019" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "harvested", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "dead-ends", "type": "measure", "names": { "name": "Dead ends, zone by zone", "th": "ทางตัน ทีละโซน", "said": "14% of lane ends inside the moat go nowhere. 35% at the outer ring.", "said_th": "ปลายฮ่อม 14% ในเวียงไปบ่ถึงไหน 35% ที่วงแหวนรอบนอก" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "year": "2026" }, "text": { "what": "The share of network ends that are dead ends: nodes touched by one way only, divided by those plus the intersections, on drivable ways without service lanes. Inside the moat 14%; to 3 km 26%; 3 to 5.5 km 32%; 5.5 to 9 km 35%; beyond 35%. 15,928 dead ends in the box against 31,668 intersections.", "story": "*Inference —* a hom in the old city was cut to let people through; a hom in the rings was cut to let people in. The share climbs ring by ring because each ring's land was subdivided by its owners one plot at a time, and a shared driveway to twenty houses ends at the twentieth. The consequence for the city is that a trip between two lanes 200 m apart in San Sai can be 2 km by road." }, "text_th": { "what": "สัดส่วนปลายโครงข่ายที่เป็นทางตัน จุดที่เส้นทางเดียวแตะ หารด้วยจุดเหล่านั้นบวกทางแยก บนเส้นทางรถวิ่งได้ไม่รวมทางบริการ ในคู 14% ถึง 3 กม. 26% 3 ถึง 5.5 กม. 32% 5.5 ถึง 9 กม. 35% เกินนั้น 35% ทางตัน 15,928 จุดในกรอบ เทียบทางแยก 31,668 จุด", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ฮ่อมในเวียงเก่าตัดเพื่อให้คนผ่าน ฮ่อมในวงแหวนตัดเพื่อให้คนเข้า สัดส่วนไต่ขึ้นทีละวงเพราะที่ดินของแต่ละวงถูกแบ่งโดยเจ้าของทีละแปลง และทางเข้าร่วมของบ้านยี่สิบหลังจบที่หลังที่ยี่สิบ ผลต่อเมืองคือการเดินทางระหว่างฮ่อมสองสายห่างกัน 200 เมตรในสันทรายอาจเป็น 2 กม. ทางถนน" }, "figure": { "value": 0.137, "unit": "dead-end share inside the moat", "unit_th": "สัดส่วนทางตันในเวียง", "year": "2026", "source": "s:osm", "series": [ { "label": "inside the moat", "label_th": "ในเวียง", "value": 13.7 }, { "label": "moat to 3 km", "label_th": "นอกคูเมืองถึง 3 กม.", "value": 25.6 }, { "label": "3 to 5.5 km", "label_th": "3 ถึง 5.5 กม.", "value": 31.8 }, { "label": "5.5 to 9 km", "label_th": "5.5 ถึง 9 กม.", "value": 34.7 }, { "label": "past 9 km", "label_th": "เกิน 9 กม.", "value": 34.7 } ], "method": "Degree-1 nodes ÷ (degree-1 + degree≥3 nodes) per zone; nodes within 200 m of the harvest box edge are not counted as dead ends.", "method_th": "จุดดีกรี 1 ÷ (จุดดีกรี 1 + จุดดีกรี ≥3) ต่อโซน จุดในระยะ 200 เมตรจากขอบกรอบไม่นับเป็นทางตัน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "hom-the-lane", "as": "The lanes.", "rel": "lane" }, { "to": "intersection-density", "as": "The other half of the same count.", "rel": "measure" } ], "tags": [ "fun" ], "sources": [ "s:osm", "s:boeing-2019" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "harvested", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "hom-the-lane", "type": "lane", "name": "The hom", "as": "The count." }, { "from": "intersection-density", "type": "measure", "name": "Intersections per square kilometre", "as": "The other half." }, { "from": "what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city", "type": "story", "name": "What a road does to an old city", "as": "The dead-end number." } ] }, { "id": "grid-in-the-moat", "type": "measure", "names": { "name": "The grid score, zone by zone", "th": "คะแนนตาราง ทีละโซน", "said": "Inside the moat 0.67. At the outer ring 0.07. A perfect grid is 1.", "said_th": "ในเวียง 0.67 ที่วงแหวนรอบนอก 0.07 ตารางสมบูรณ์คือ 1" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "year": "2026" }, "text": { "what": "Boeing's orientation-order index φ on the street network of each zone: the bearings of every drivable way, service lanes excluded, in 36 bins over a half-circle, weighted by length, turned into an entropy and rescaled so that 1 is a perfect four-direction grid and 0 is streets running every way equally. The square inside the moat scores 0.67; the band out to 3 km 0.17; 3 to 5.5 km 0.09; 5.5 to 9 km 0.07; past 9 km 0.03.", "story": "*Inference —* the founding grid of 1296 is still the strongest order in the city, by a factor of 9 over the outer ring. Outside the square the streets follow field boundaries, canals and whatever track was there before the ring came, which is what a score near zero means. Boeing's 2019 paper put Chicago near 0.9 and Charlotte near 0.0; the moat sits closer to the former, the suburbs to the latter, and the same city holds both." }, "text_th": { "what": "ดัชนีความเป็นระเบียบทิศทาง φ ของ Boeing บนโครงข่ายถนนแต่ละโซน ทิศของทุกเส้นทางที่รถวิ่งได้ ไม่รวมทางบริการ ใน 36 ช่องบนครึ่งวงกลม ถ่วงด้วยความยาว แปลงเป็นเอนโทรปีและปรับให้ 1 คือตารางสี่ทิศสมบูรณ์ 0 คือถนนวิ่งทุกทิศเท่ากัน สี่เหลี่ยมในคูได้ 0.67 แถบถึง 3 กม. 0.17 3 ถึง 5.5 กม. 0.09 5.5 ถึง 9 กม. 0.07 เกิน 9 กม. 0.03", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ตารางตั้งเมืองปี 1839 ยังเป็นระเบียบที่แข็งแรงที่สุดในเมือง ราว 9 เท่าของวงแหวนรอบนอก นอกสี่เหลี่ยม ถนนเดินตามคันนา เหมืองฝาย และทางใด ๆ ที่มีอยู่ก่อนวงแหวนมา นี่คือความหมายของคะแนนใกล้ศูนย์ งานของ Boeing ปี 2019 ให้ชิคาโกใกล้ 0.9 และชาร์ลอตต์ใกล้ 0.0 เวียงอยู่ใกล้อันแรก ชานเมืองใกล้อันหลัง และเมืองเดียวกันถือทั้งสอง" }, "figure": { "value": 0.6666, "unit": "grid score inside the moat (1 = perfect grid)", "unit_th": "คะแนนตารางในเวียง (1 = ตารางสมบูรณ์)", "year": "2026", "source": "s:osm", "series": [ { "label": "inside the moat", "label_th": "ในเวียง", "value": 0.6666 }, { "label": "moat to 3 km", "label_th": "นอกคูเมืองถึง 3 กม.", "value": 0.1665 }, { "label": "3 to 5.5 km", "label_th": "3 ถึง 5.5 กม.", "value": 0.0942 }, { "label": "5.5 to 9 km", "label_th": "5.5 ถึง 9 กม.", "value": 0.0716 }, { "label": "past 9 km", "label_th": "เกิน 9 กม.", "value": 0.0316 } ], "method": "Segments of drivable ways minus service lanes, bearing modulo 180 in 5° bins, length-weighted; H = −Σ p ln p; φ = 1 − ((H − ln 4)/(ln 36 − ln 4))². Zones are the moat square and radii of 3, 5.5 and 9 km from its centre.", "method_th": "ช่วงของเส้นทางรถวิ่งได้ไม่รวมทางบริการ ทิศมอดุโล 180 ในช่อง 5° ถ่วงด้วยความยาว H = −Σ p ln p φ = 1 − ((H − ln 4)/(ln 36 − ln 4))² โซนคือสี่เหลี่ยมคูและรัศมี 3, 5.5 และ 9 กม. จากกลางมัน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "the-moat", "as": "The square.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city", "as": "Where the number is argued.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "era-1296-the-square", "as": "Who drew it.", "rel": "era" } ], "tags": [ "fun" ], "sources": [ "s:osm", "s:boeing-2019" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "harvested", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "moat-loop", "type": "ring", "name": "The moat loop", "as": "What is inside." }, { "from": "era-1296-the-square", "type": "era", "name": "1296 — the square", "as": "What it measures now." }, { "from": "intersection-density", "type": "measure", "name": "Intersections per square kilometre", "as": "The shape of the same streets." }, { "from": "what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city", "type": "story", "name": "What a road does to an old city", "as": "The grid number." }, { "from": "the-moat", "type": "place", "name": "The moat", "as": "What the streets inside it measure." } ] }, { "id": "intersection-density", "type": "measure", "names": { "name": "Intersections per square kilometre", "th": "ทางแยกต่อตารางกิโลเมตร", "said": "135 inside the moat. 58 at the outer ring.", "said_th": "135 ในเวียง 58 ที่วงแหวนรอบนอก" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "year": "2026" }, "text": { "what": "Nodes where three or more drivable ways meet, per square kilometre of zone: inside the moat 135; to 3 km 82; 3 to 5.5 km 78; 5.5 to 9 km 58; beyond 31. Road density runs the same way: 24.4 km of road per km² in the square, 11.6 at the outer ring.", "story": "*Inference —* this is the measure planners use for walkability, and it says the most walkable square kilometre in the province is the one that is seven hundred years old. Every ring built since has produced a city with a third to a half the choices per kilometre." }, "text_th": { "what": "จุดที่เส้นทางรถวิ่งได้สามเส้นขึ้นไปพบกัน ต่อตารางกิโลเมตรของโซน ในคู 135 ถึง 3 กม. 82 3 ถึง 5.5 กม. 78 5.5 ถึง 9 กม. 58 เกินนั้น 31 ความหนาแน่นถนนไปทางเดียวกัน 24.4 กม.ถนนต่อตร.กม. ในสี่เหลี่ยม 11.6 ที่วงแหวนรอบนอก", "story": "*อนุมาน —* นี่คือมาตรที่นักวางผังใช้วัดการเดินได้ และมันบอกว่าตารางกิโลเมตรที่เดินได้ดีสุดในจังหวัดคืออันที่อายุเจ็ดร้อยปี วงแหวนทุกวงที่สร้างตั้งแต่นั้นให้เมืองที่มีทางเลือกต่อกิโลเมตรหนึ่งในสามถึงครึ่ง" }, "figure": { "value": 134.8, "unit": "intersections per km² inside the moat", "unit_th": "ทางแยกต่อตร.กม. ในเวียง", "year": "2026", "source": "s:osm", "series": [ { "label": "inside the moat", "label_th": "ในเวียง", "value": 134.8 }, { "label": "moat to 3 km", "label_th": "นอกคูเมืองถึง 3 กม.", "value": 82.0 }, { "label": "3 to 5.5 km", "label_th": "3 ถึง 5.5 กม.", "value": 77.9 }, { "label": "5.5 to 9 km", "label_th": "5.5 ถึง 9 กม.", "value": 57.9 }, { "label": "past 9 km", "label_th": "เกิน 9 กม.", "value": 31.0 } ], "method": "Degree≥3 nodes on the drivable network minus service lanes, divided by zone area; the moat area is the square, ring areas are annuli less the square.", "method_th": "จุดดีกรี ≥3 บนโครงข่ายรถวิ่งได้ไม่รวมทางบริการ หารด้วยพื้นที่โซน พื้นที่คูคือสี่เหลี่ยม พื้นที่วงคือวงแหวนหักสี่เหลี่ยม" }, "kin": [ { "to": "dead-ends", "as": "The other half.", "rel": "measure" }, { "to": "grid-in-the-moat", "as": "The shape of the same streets.", "rel": "measure" } ], "tags": [ "fun" ], "sources": [ "s:osm", "s:boeing-2019" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "harvested", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "block-length", "type": "measure", "name": "How far between intersections", "as": "The count this is the inverse of." }, { "from": "dead-ends", "type": "measure", "name": "Dead ends, zone by zone", "as": "The other half of the same count." }, { "from": "what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city", "type": "story", "name": "What a road does to an old city", "as": "The density number." } ] }, { "id": "network-km", "type": "measure", "names": { "name": "The network, in kilometres", "th": "โครงข่าย เป็นกิโลเมตร", "said": "8,055 km of every kind of way in the box; 6,934 drivable; 5,972 of it lane.", "said_th": "ทางทุกชนิด 8,055 กม. ในกรอบ รถวิ่งได้ 6,934 เป็นฮ่อม 5,972" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "year": "2026" }, "text": { "what": "52,389 ways. By class: residential 4,280 km, service 1,238 km, track 494 km, unclassified 454 km, path 337 km, tertiary 312 km, primary 288 km, secondary 250 km, footway 189 km. 1,055 km of footway, path, track and steps. 4,757 km of lane with no name at all. The municipality's own count for its 40 km² is 699 roads and 255.65 km; the box is fourteen times that area and the map holds lanes the municipality does not list.", "story": "*Inference —* the highway department counts traffic on a few dozen kilometres of this; the municipality maintains a few hundred; the rest is the city, and it is on nobody's ledger but the volunteers'. Every number here is a floor." }, "text_th": { "what": "52,389 เส้นทาง ตามชั้น: residential 4,280 กม., service 1,238 กม., track 494 กม., unclassified 454 กม., path 337 กม., tertiary 312 กม., primary 288 กม., secondary 250 กม., footway 189 กม. ทางเท้า ทางเดิน ทางลำลอง และบันได 1,055 กม. ฮ่อมไม่มีชื่อเลย 4,757 กม. เทศบาลนับของตัวเองใน 40 ตร.กม. ได้ถนน 699 สาย 255.65 กม. กรอบใหญ่กว่านั้นสิบสี่เท่าและแผนที่มีฮ่อมที่เทศบาลไม่ได้ขึ้นบัญชี", "story": "*อนุมาน —* กรมทางหลวงนับรถบนไม่กี่สิบกิโลเมตรของสิ่งนี้ เทศบาลดูแลไม่กี่ร้อย ที่เหลือคือเมือง และมันอยู่ในบัญชีของใครก็บ่ใช่ นอกจากอาสาสมัคร ทุกตัวเลขที่นี่คือค่าต่ำสุด" }, "figure": { "value": 8055, "unit": "km of way in the box", "unit_th": "กม. ทางในกรอบ", "year": "2026", "source": "s:osm", "series": [ { "label": "residential", "value": 4280 }, { "label": "service", "value": 1238 }, { "label": "track", "value": 494 }, { "label": "unclassified", "value": 454 }, { "label": "path", "value": 337 }, { "label": "tertiary", "value": 312 }, { "label": "primary", "value": 288 }, { "label": "secondary", "value": 250 }, { "label": "footway", "value": 189 }, { "label": "trunk", "value": 48 } ], "method": "Sum of haversine lengths of every highway=* way in the box [18.66, 98.86, 18.92, 99.1], fetched 2026-09-21.", "method_th": "ผลรวมความยาว haversine ของทุกเส้นทาง highway=* ในกรอบ [18.66, 98.86, 18.92, 99.1] ดึง 2026-09-21" }, "kin": [ { "to": "municipal-roads", "as": "The municipality's own count.", "rel": "traffic" }, { "to": "hom-the-lane", "as": "Where most of it is.", "rel": "lane" } ], "tags": [ "fun" ], "sources": [ "s:osm", "s:boeing-2019" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "harvested", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "municipal-roads", "type": "traffic", "name": "The municipality's roads, counted by the municipality", "as": "The map's count." } ] }, { "id": "one-way-share", "type": "measure", "names": { "name": "How much of the road runs one way", "th": "ถนนวิ่งทางเดียวแค่ไหน", "said": "33% of the drivable kilometres inside the moat are one-way. 6% past the outer ring.", "said_th": "33% ของกิโลเมตรรถวิ่งได้ในเวียงเป็นทางเดียว 6% เลยวงแหวนรอบนอก" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "year": "2026" }, "text": { "what": "Kilometres tagged one-way as a share of drivable kilometres: inside the moat 33%, to 3 km 20%, to 5.5 km 16%, to 9 km 14%, beyond 6%. The moat loop, the gate cut-throughs and Ratchadamnoen since 2021 are why the square leads; the dual carriageways of the rings are why the bands are not zero.", "story": "*Inference —* one-way is a tool for two opposite jobs. In the square it is the 1948 decision to make a fortification into a roundabout and, since 2021, the decision to give a street back to feet; on the rings it is a median. The number counts both." }, "text_th": { "what": "กิโลเมตรที่ติดแท็กทางเดียวเทียบกิโลเมตรรถวิ่งได้ ในคู 33% ถึง 3 กม. 20% ถึง 5.5 กม. 16% ถึง 9 กม. 14% เกินนั้น 6% วงรอบคู ช่องตัดผ่านประตู และราชดำเนินตั้งแต่ 2564 คือเหตุที่สี่เหลี่ยมนำ ถนนคู่ขนานของวงแหวนคือเหตุที่แถบไม่เป็นศูนย์", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ทางเดียวคือเครื่องมือของงานตรงข้ามสองอย่าง ในสี่เหลี่ยมคือการตัดสินใจปี 2491 ทำป้อมเป็นวงเวียน และตั้งแต่ 2564 การตัดสินใจคืนถนนให้เท้า บนวงแหวนคือเกาะกลาง ตัวเลขนับทั้งสอง" }, "figure": { "value": 0.327, "unit": "one-way share inside the moat", "unit_th": "สัดส่วนทางเดียวในเวียง", "year": "2026", "source": "s:osm", "series": [ { "label": "inside the moat", "label_th": "ในเวียง", "value": 32.7 }, { "label": "moat to 3 km", "label_th": "นอกคูเมืองถึง 3 กม.", "value": 19.9 }, { "label": "3 to 5.5 km", "label_th": "3 ถึง 5.5 กม.", "value": 16.1 }, { "label": "5.5 to 9 km", "label_th": "5.5 ถึง 9 กม.", "value": 13.9 }, { "label": "past 9 km", "label_th": "เกิน 9 กม.", "value": 5.5 } ], "method": "oneway=yes or −1 on drivable ways, by length, per zone.", "method_th": "oneway=yes หรือ −1 บนเส้นทางรถวิ่งได้ ตามความยาว ต่อโซน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "The loop.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "why-the-moat-runs-one-way", "as": "The argument.", "rel": "story" } ], "tags": [ "fun" ], "sources": [ "s:osm", "s:boeing-2019" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "harvested", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "why-the-moat-runs-one-way", "type": "story", "name": "Why the moat runs one way", "as": "The number." } ] }, { "id": "ping-crossings", "type": "measure", "names": { "name": "Road bridges over the Ping, counted", "th": "ขัวรถข้ามแม่ปิง นับแล้ว", "said": "23 road crossings of the river inside the box, off the map.", "said_th": "23 จุดข้ามแม่น้ำด้วยรถในกรอบ นับจากแผนที่" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "year": "2026" }, "text": { "what": "A bridge way that crosses a way named Ping, with the two carriageways of a dual bridge collapsed to one: 23 in the harvest box, from Mae Rim to Saraphi. 1329 bridge ways in all, over the moat, the canals, the railway and the ring roads. Named: Ban Hua Lim - Ban Nong Duea Road; สะพานวัดวังสิงห์คำ-ตำหนัก; ถนนวงแหวนรอบนอก; ถนนสมโภชเชียงใหม่ 700 ปี; ถนนมหิดล; สะพานนวรัฐ; สะพานนครพิงค์; ถนนรัตนโกสินทร์; ถนนซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์; โชตนา ซอย22; ถนนเลี่ยงเมืองแม่ริม.", "story": "*Inference —* the river the founders kept a kilometre away is now crossed every few hundred metres in the centre and twice by the outer ring. The crossings are where the flood of 2024 was measured and where the traffic queues; the two facts are the same fact." }, "text_th": { "what": "เส้นทางสะพานที่ตัดเส้นทางชื่อปิง รวมสองฝั่งของสะพานคู่เป็นหนึ่ง 23 แห่งในกรอบ จากแม่ริมถึงสารภี เส้นทางสะพานทั้งหมด 1329 เส้น ข้ามคู เหมืองฝาย ทางรถไฟ และวงแหวน ชื่อ: Ban Hua Lim - Ban Nong Duea Road; สะพานวัดวังสิงห์คำ-ตำหนัก; ถนนวงแหวนรอบนอก; ถนนสมโภชเชียงใหม่ 700 ปี; ถนนมหิดล; สะพานนวรัฐ; สะพานนครพิงค์; ถนนรัตนโกสินทร์; ถนนซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์; โชตนา ซอย22; ถนนเลี่ยงเมืองแม่ริม", "story": "*อนุมาน —* แม่น้ำที่ผู้สร้างเมืองกันไว้หนึ่งกิโล ตอนนี้ถูกข้ามทุกไม่กี่ร้อยเมตรในใจกลางและสองครั้งโดยวงแหวนรอบนอก จุดข้ามคือตี้น้ำท่วมปี 2567 ถูกวัดและตี้รถต่อคิว สองข้อเท็จจริงคือข้อเดียวกัน" }, "figure": { "value": 23, "unit": "road bridges over the Ping in the box", "unit_th": "ขัวรถข้ามแม่ปิงในกรอบ", "year": "2026", "source": "s:osm", "series": [ { "label": "unnamed at 18.663", "value": 1 }, { "label": "unnamed at 18.670", "value": 1 }, { "label": "unnamed at 18.673", "value": 1 }, { "label": "unnamed at 18.680", "value": 1 }, { "label": "Ban Hua Lim - Ban Nong Duea Road", "value": 1 }, { "label": "unnamed at 18.686", "value": 1 }, { "label": "unnamed at 18.687", "value": 1 }, { "label": "unnamed at 18.691", "value": 1 }, { "label": "สะพานวัดวังสิงห์คำ-ตำหนัก", "value": 1 }, { "label": "unnamed at 18.720", "value": 3 }, { "label": "ถนนวงแหวนรอบนอก", "value": 3 }, { "label": "unnamed at 18.742", "value": 1 }, { "label": "ถนนสมโภชเชียงใหม่ 700 ปี", "value": 4 }, { "label": "unnamed at 18.752", "value": 1 }, { "label": "ถนนมหิดล", "value": 2 }, { "label": "unnamed at 18.766", "value": 1 }, { "label": "สะพานนวรัฐ", "value": 1 }, { "label": "สะพานนครพิงค์", "value": 1 }, { "label": "ถนนรัตนโกสินทร์", "value": 1 }, { "label": "unnamed at 18.810", "value": 2 } ], "method": "Segment intersection between bridge=yes drivable ways and waterway=river ways whose name carries ปิง or Ping; groups within 120 m or sharing a name are one bridge.", "method_th": "การตัดกันของช่วงระหว่างเส้นทางรถวิ่งได้ที่ bridge=yes กับเส้นทาง waterway=river ที่ชื่อมีปิงหรือ Ping กลุ่มในระยะ 120 เมตรหรือชื่อเดียวกันนับเป็นหนึ่งสะพาน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ping-river", "as": "The river.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "nawarat-bridge", "as": "The one with the gauge.", "rel": "bridge" }, { "to": "iron-bridge", "as": "The one with the Kam Mueang name.", "rel": "bridge" } ], "tags": [ "fun" ], "sources": [ "s:osm", "s:boeing-2019" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "harvested", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "chansom-memorial-bridge", "type": "bridge", "name": "Chansom Memorial Bridge", "as": "Counted." }, { "from": "moat-bridges", "type": "bridge", "name": "The bridges over the moat", "as": "Counted with the river bridges." }, { "from": "nawarat-bridge", "type": "bridge", "name": "Nawarat Bridge", "as": "Counted with the rest." }, { "from": "ping-river", "type": "place", "name": "The Ping", "as": "How many bridges, counted." } ] }, { "id": "soi-count", "type": "measure", "names": { "name": "Sois, counted by name", "th": "ซอย นับตามชื่อ", "said": "3,733 named sois on the map, 811 km of them, 8 named for a wat.", "said_th": "ซอยที่มีชื่อ 3,733 สายบนแผนที่ 811 กม. 8 สายชื่อตามวัด" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "year": "2026" }, "text": { "what": "A way whose name carries ซอย, ซ. or Soi, ways of one name summed: 3,733 names, 811 km. 3,650 carry a number; 8 carry a wat's name. The longest by name: ซอย หมู่บ้านวังตาล 4.1 km, CBP Soi 2 2.6 km, บ้านป่าเดื่อ หมู่ 1 ซอย 3 2.6 km, หนองป่าแสะ ซอย 4 2.2 km, ซอย สายลมชายคลอง 19 2.0 km. The municipality publishes no soi count, so this is the only one on this disk.", "story": "*Inference —* the soi is a numbering system, not a naming one: 98 percent of them carry a number and 8 in the whole box carry a wat's name. Thailand's address system was laid over the city in the twentieth century and it replaced names with ordinals; the hom that kept a name kept it by not being numbered, and those are counted on the other side of the ledger, in the 4,757 km of lane with no name at all." }, "text_th": { "what": "เส้นทางที่ชื่อมี ซอย ซ. หรือ Soi รวมเส้นทางชื่อเดียวกัน 3,733 ชื่อ 811 กม. มีเลข 3,650 มีชื่อวัด 8 ยาวสุดตามชื่อ: ซอย หมู่บ้านวังตาล 4.1 กม., CBP Soi 2 2.6 กม., บ้านป่าเดื่อ หมู่ 1 ซอย 3 2.6 กม., หนองป่าแสะ ซอย 4 2.2 กม., ซอย สายลมชายคลอง 19 2.0 กม. เทศบาลไม่เผยแพร่จำนวนซอย นี่จึงเป็นจำนวนเดียวในแผ่นนี้", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ซอยคือระบบเลข บ่ใช่ระบบชื่อ ร้อยละ 98 มีเลข และมีแค่ 8 สายในทั้งกรอบที่ชื่อตามวัด ระบบที่อยู่ของไทยถูกวางทับเมืองในศตวรรษที่ยี่สิบ และมันแทนชื่อด้วยเลขลำดับ ฮ่อมที่เก็บชื่อไว้เก็บได้เพราะบ่ถูกใส่เลข และฮ่อมพวกนั้นถูกนับอีกฝั่งของบัญชี ในฮ่อมไม่มีชื่อเลย 4,757 กม." }, "figure": { "value": 3733, "unit": "named sois in the box", "unit_th": "ซอยที่มีชื่อในกรอบ", "year": "2026", "source": "s:osm", "series": [ { "label": "ซอย หมู่บ้านวังตาล", "value": 4.14 }, { "label": "CBP Soi 2", "value": 2.64 }, { "label": "บ้านป่าเดื่อ หมู่ 1 ซอย 3", "value": 2.59 }, { "label": "หนองป่าแสะ ซอย 4", "value": 2.23 }, { "label": "ซอย สายลมชายคลอง 19", "value": 2.02 }, { "label": "ซอย ถ", "value": 1.94 }, { "label": "บ้านแม่โจ้ ซอย 9", "value": 1.93 }, { "label": "บ้านฟ้ามุ่ย ซอย 10", "value": 1.91 }, { "label": "หนองแฝก ซอย 8", "value": 1.81 }, { "label": "บ้านใหม่สามัคคี ซอย 7", "value": 1.54 }, { "label": "CBP Soi 1", "value": 1.44 }, { "label": "ซอย 4 แม่สาหลวง", "value": 1.39 } ], "method": "Regular expression on name, name:th and name:en; lengths summed per distinct name.", "method_th": "นิพจน์ปรกติบน name, name:th และ name:en รวมความยาวต่อชื่อที่ต่างกัน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "soi", "as": "The word.", "rel": "word" }, { "to": "hom-the-lane", "as": "The lanes.", "rel": "lane" }, { "to": "soi-numbering", "as": "The rule.", "rel": "lane" } ], "tags": [ "fun" ], "sources": [ "s:osm", "s:boeing-2019" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "harvested", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "wats-and-rings", "type": "measure", "names": { "name": "Wats, zone by zone", "th": "วัด ทีละโซน", "said": "44 wats inside the moat, 15 per km². 88 in the outer band.", "said_th": "วัด 44 วัดในเวียง 15 ต่อตร.กม. 88 ในแถบนอก" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "year": "2026" }, "text": { "what": "Buddhist places of worship on the map, by zone: 44 inside the moat (15.0 per km²), 52 to 3 km, 50 to 5.5, 88 to 9, 1139 beyond; 420 in the box. Traffic signals the same way: 24, 73, 57, 61, 46.", "story": "*Inference —* the wat density inside the moat is the reason the UNESCO file counts seven temples, five gates and four bastions in one square. A ring road through it would have been unthinkable, which is why every ring was drawn outside, and why the one thing the 2019 heritage review objected to was a tunnel underneath." }, "text_th": { "what": "ศาสนสถานพุทธบนแผนที่ ตามโซน ในคู 44 (15.0 ต่อตร.กม.) ถึง 3 กม. 52 ถึง 5.5 50 ถึง 9 88 เกินนั้น 1139 ในกรอบ 420 ไฟสัญญาณแบบเดียวกัน 24, 73, 57, 61, 46", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ความหนาแน่นของวัดในคูคือเหตุที่เอกสารยูเนสโกนับเจ็ดวัด ห้าประตู สี่แจ่งในสี่เหลี่ยมเดียว วงแหวนผ่านมันเป็นเรื่องคิดบ่ได้ นี่คือเหตุที่ทุกวงถูกวาดข้างนอก และเหตุที่สิ่งเดียวที่การทบทวนมรดกปี 2562 คัดค้านคืออุโมงค์ข้างใต้" }, "figure": { "value": 44, "unit": "wats inside the moat", "unit_th": "วัดในเวียง", "year": "2026", "source": "s:osm", "series": [ { "label": "inside the moat", "label_th": "ในเวียง", "value": 44 }, { "label": "moat to 3 km", "label_th": "นอกคูเมืองถึง 3 กม.", "value": 52 }, { "label": "3 to 5.5 km", "label_th": "3 ถึง 5.5 กม.", "value": 50 }, { "label": "5.5 to 9 km", "label_th": "5.5 ถึง 9 กม.", "value": 88 }, { "label": "past 9 km", "label_th": "เกิน 9 กม.", "value": 1139 } ], "method": "amenity=place_of_worship + religion=buddhist nodes, ways and relations by centre, per zone.", "method_th": "amenity=place_of_worship + religion=buddhist จุด เส้น และความสัมพันธ์ตามจุดกลาง ต่อโซน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "the-moat", "as": "The square.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "unesco-nomination", "as": "The file.", "rel": "plan" } ], "tags": [ "fun" ], "sources": [ "s:osm", "s:boeing-2019" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "harvested", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "aadt-busiest", "type": "traffic", "names": { "name": "The busiest count in the province", "th": "จุดนับที่รถมากสุดในจังหวัด", "said": "Mahidol Road, km 7: 121,403 four-wheeled vehicles a day in 2025, plus 26,366 motorcycles.", "said_th": "ถนนมหิดล กม.7 วันละ 121,403 คันสี่ล้อปี 2568 บวกมอเตอร์ไซค์ 26,366" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "year": "2025" }, "text": { "what": "The highway department counts traffic at 81 stations in the province and publishes the annual average daily total, motorcycles apart. The Don Chan–Chiang Mai station on Route 1141, Mahidol Road, at km 7 is the largest: 102,499 in 2020, 121,403 in 2025. The provincial traffic subcommittee's April 2026 minutes cite the same station at 120,000. Second is Route 118 at its first half-kilometre out of the city; third and fourth the two Superhighway stations." }, "text_th": { "what": "กรมทางหลวงนับรถที่ 81 สถานีในจังหวัดและเผยแพร่ค่าเฉลี่ยรายวันทั้งปี ไม่รวมจักรยานยนต์ สถานีดอนจั่น–เชียงใหม่บนทางหลวง 1141 ถนนมหิดล กม.7 ใหญ่สุด 102,499 ปี 2563 121,403 ปี 2568 รายงานการประชุมอนุกรรมการจราจรจังหวัดเมษายน 2569 อ้างสถานีเดียวกันที่ 120,000 อันดับสองคือทางหลวง 118 ที่ครึ่งกิโลเมตรแรกออกจากเมือง สามและสี่คือสองสถานีบนซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์" }, "figure": { "value": 121403, "unit": "vehicles a day, motorcycles apart", "unit_th": "คันต่อวัน ไม่รวมจักรยานยนต์", "year": "2025", "source": "s:doh-aadt", "series": [ { "label": "2020", "value": 102499 }, { "label": "2022", "value": 103812 }, { "label": "2023", "value": 118853 }, { "label": "2024", "value": 112509 }, { "label": "2025", "value": 121403 } ], "method": "DOH open-data CSVs 2563–2568 BE, filtered to Chiang Mai stations; the station is Route 1141 section 100 at km 7+000.", "method_th": "ไฟล์ CSV เปิดของกรมทางหลวง 2563–2568 กรองสถานีเชียงใหม่ สถานีคือทางหลวง 1141 ตอน 100 กม.7+000", "compare": "Bangkok's busiest counts are several times this; the comparison the page draws is with the road's own past.", "compare_th": "จุดนับที่มากสุดของกรุงเทพฯ สูงกว่านี้หลายเท่า หน้านี้เทียบกับอดีตของถนนเอง" }, "kin": [ { "to": "mahidol-road", "as": "The road.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "aadt-stations", "as": "All 81 stations.", "rel": "traffic" } ], "sources": [ "s:doh-aadt", "s:cm-traffic-minutes-2569" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:doh-aadt" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "mahidol-road", "type": "road", "name": "Mahidol Road", "as": "The count." }, { "from": "aadt-stations", "type": "traffic", "name": "Eighty-one counting stations", "as": "The top of the table." } ] }, { "id": "aadt-stations", "type": "traffic", "names": { "name": "Eighty-one counting stations", "th": "สถานีนับรถแปดสิบเอ็ดแห่ง", "said": "1,133,811 vehicles a day across every station in 2025, and 291,761 motorcycles: a quarter of the four-wheeled figure.", "said_th": "1,133,811 คันต่อวันรวมทุกสถานีปี 2568 และจักรยานยนต์ 291,761 หนึ่งในสี่ของตัวเลขสี่ล้อ" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "year": "2025" }, "text": { "what": "The sum across all Chiang Mai stations, which double-counts a vehicle that passes two of them and is therefore a scale, not a total: 1,057,788 four-wheeled and 277,800 motorcycles in 2020; 967,608 and 272,124 in 2022; 1,074,431 and 276,463 in 2023; 1,095,501 and 282,816 in 2024; 1,133,811 and 291,761 in 2025. The full table, every station with its route, kilometre, heavy-vehicle share and motorcycles, is on the traffic page and in the API." }, "text_th": { "what": "ผลรวมทุกสถานีเชียงใหม่ ซึ่งนับซ้ำรถที่ผ่านสองสถานี จึงเป็นมาตรวัด ไม่ใช่ยอดรวม สี่ล้อ 1,057,788 และจักรยานยนต์ 277,800 ปี 2563 967,608 และ 272,124 ปี 2565 1,074,431 และ 276,463 ปี 2566 1,095,501 และ 282,816 ปี 2567 1,133,811 และ 291,761 ปี 2568 ตารางเต็ม ทุกสถานีพร้อมทางหลวง กิโลเมตร สัดส่วนรถหนัก และจักรยานยนต์ อยู่บนหน้าจราจรและใน API" }, "figure": { "value": 1133811, "unit": "vehicles a day, summed over 81 stations", "unit_th": "คันต่อวัน รวม 81 สถานี", "year": "2025", "source": "s:doh-aadt", "series": [ { "label": "2020", "value": 1057788, "note": "79 stations" }, { "label": "2022", "value": 967608, "note": "77 stations" }, { "label": "2023", "value": 1074431, "note": "77 stations" }, { "label": "2024", "value": 1095501, "note": "81 stations" }, { "label": "2025", "value": 1133811, "note": "81 stations" } ], "method": "Sum of the AADT column over rows whose district field reads Chiang Mai, per year file. 2021 was not parsed.", "method_th": "ผลรวมคอลัมน์ AADT ของแถวที่ช่องแขวงอ่านว่าเชียงใหม่ ตามไฟล์รายปี ไม่ได้อ่านปี 2564" }, "kin": [ { "to": "aadt-busiest", "as": "The top of the table.", "rel": "traffic" }, { "to": "motorcycle-share", "as": "The motorcycle column.", "rel": "traffic" } ], "sources": [ "s:doh-aadt" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:doh-aadt" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "aadt-busiest", "type": "traffic", "name": "The busiest count in the province", "as": "All 81 stations." } ] }, { "id": "airport-passengers", "type": "traffic", "names": { "name": "The airport, by passengers", "th": "สนามบิน นับเป็นผู้โดยสาร", "said": "11.3 million in 2019, 8.2 in 2023, 9.5 in 2025; 20 million wanted by 2027.", "said_th": "11.3 ล้านปี 2562 8.2 ปี 2566 9.5 ปี 2568 อยากได้ 20 ล้านภายใน 2570" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "facets": { "year": "2025" }, "text": { "what": "Passengers: 11,333,548 in 2019; 8,224,573 in 2023; 9,082,071 in 2024; 9,517,206 in 2025. Movements 79,504, 55,663, 59,493 and 64,124. The operator's 24,000 million baht expansion aims at 20 million a year by 2027 with the terminal from 35,000 to 100,000 m² and 24 to 35 flights an hour. Every one of those passengers leaves by Mahidol Road or the airport junction." }, "text_th": { "what": "ผู้โดยสาร 11,333,548 ปี 2562 8,224,573 ปี 2566 9,082,071 ปี 2567 9,517,206 ปี 2568 เที่ยวบิน 79,504, 55,663, 59,493 และ 64,124 การขยาย 24,000 ล้านบาทของผู้ดำเนินการตั้งเป้า 20 ล้านต่อปีภายใน 2570 อาคารจาก 35,000 เป็น 100,000 ตร.ม. และ 24 เป็น 35 เที่ยวต่อชั่วโมง ผู้โดยสารทุกคนออกทางถนนมหิดลหรือแยกสนามบิน" }, "figure": { "value": 9517206, "unit": "passengers, 2025", "unit_th": "ผู้โดยสาร 2568", "year": "2025", "source": "s:wp-cnx-airport", "series": [ { "label": "2019", "value": 11333548 }, { "label": "2023", "value": 8224573 }, { "label": "2024", "value": 9082071 }, { "label": "2025", "value": 9517206 } ], "method": "AOT figures as tabulated on Wikipedia; the 2025 split is a search snippet.", "method_th": "ตัวเลข ทอท. ตามที่วิกิพีเดียทำตาราง การแยกปี 2568 เป็นข้อความจากผลค้นหา" }, "kin": [ { "to": "chiang-mai-airport", "as": "The airport.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "mahidol-road", "as": "The way out.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "lanna-airport", "as": "The second one.", "rel": "plan" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-cnx-airport", "s:citylife-aot" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-cnx-airport" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "airport-passengers/airport-passengers-chiang-mai-airport-runway-aerial-view.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai Airport runway aerial view.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Chiang_Mai_Airport_runway_aerial_view.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_Airport_runway_aerial_view.JPG", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Adbar", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Aerial view of Chiang Mai International Airport's runways and of the southern part of the city. Picture taken from Doi Suthep temple.", "date": "2013-04-28 16:20:01", "primary": true, "sha256": "83b3491fa911b4207b17836ec1693f230482e9b93da565c66e4c6d87e715b27a" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "built-up-area", "type": "traffic", "names": { "name": "How far the city spread", "th": "เมืองแผ่ไปไกลแค่ไหน", "said": "13 km² built up in 1952; 137 km² in 2009. Ten times, in the lifetime of one yang tree.", "said_th": "พื้นที่สิ่งปลูกสร้าง 13 ตร.กม. ปี 2495 137 ตร.กม. ปี 2552 สิบเท่า ในช่วงชีวิตต้นยางต้นเดียว" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "year": "2009" }, "text": { "what": "A Chiang Mai University study of Landsat scenes puts the built-up area at 13 km² in 1952 and 137 km² in 2009. Within the comprehensive-plan boundary, urban land went from 10.6 percent in 1989 to 12.1 in 2000 and 18.3 in 2009, with a model projecting 38 percent in 2010 to 80 percent in 2030; buildings rose a third between 2000 and 2013, a fifth of the growth outside zoned areas. The metropolitan area is put at 1,059,462 people over 3,142 km² in 2024.", "story": "*Inference —* every ring on this site was drawn around a city a fraction of this size. The outer ring was fixed in 1989, when the built-up area was a tenth of the plan boundary; by the time it closed the city was at the ring." }, "text_th": { "what": "การศึกษาของ ม.เชียงใหม่ จากภาพแลนด์แซตให้พื้นที่สิ่งปลูกสร้าง 13 ตร.กม. ปี 2495 และ 137 ตร.กม. ปี 2552 ในเขตผังเมืองรวม พื้นที่เมืองจากร้อยละ 10.6 ปี 2532 เป็น 12.1 ปี 2543 และ 18.3 ปี 2552 แบบจำลองคาดร้อยละ 38 ปี 2553 ถึง 80 ปี 2573 อาคารเพิ่มหนึ่งในสามระหว่าง 2543–2556 หนึ่งในห้าของการเติบโตอยู่นอกเขตผัง เขตมหานครมีคน 1,059,462 บน 3,142 ตร.กม. ปี 2567", "story": "*อนุมาน —* วงแหวนทุกวงบนเว็บนี้วาดรอบเมืองที่เล็กกว่านี้หลายเท่า วงแหวนรอบนอกกำหนดปี 2532 ตอนพื้นที่สิ่งปลูกสร้างเป็นหนึ่งในสิบของเขตผัง พอมันปิดวง เมืองก็มาถึงวงแล้ว" }, "figure": { "value": 137, "unit": "km² built up, 2009", "unit_th": "ตร.กม. สิ่งปลูกสร้าง 2552", "year": "2009", "source": "s:sangawongse-2019", "series": [ { "label": "1952", "value": 13 }, { "label": "2009", "value": 137 } ], "method": "Abstract figures from a peer-reviewed Landsat study; a second study's 339 km² for 2000 uses a different boundary and is not mixed in.", "method_th": "ตัวเลขจากบทคัดย่อของงานวิจัยแลนด์แซต งานที่สองให้ 339 ตร.กม. ปี 2543 ใช้เขตต่างกันและไม่นำมาปน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "era-rings-1984-2006", "as": "When the rings were drawn on it.", "rel": "era" }, { "to": "ton-yang-road", "as": "The tree.", "rel": "road" } ], "sources": [ "s:sangawongse-2019", "s:urban-planning-2017", "s:wp-cm-metro" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:sangawongse-2019" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "built-up-area/built-up-area-chiang-mai-panorama-from-doi-suthep-lookout-2014-08-08.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai Panorama from Doi Suthep Lookout (2014-08-08).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Chiang_Mai_Panorama_from_Doi_Suthep_Lookout_%282014-08-08%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_Panorama_from_Doi_Suthep_Lookout_%282014-08-08%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Pratyeka", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "A panorama looking east back to the city of Chiang Mai from the lookout half-way up Doi Suthep, a famous mountain to the west of the city.", "date": "2014-08-08 10:25:29", "primary": true, "sha256": "523981043594b01a82d0ca30ca1f9bf2179623d8d89c499d9ae51c100438bdf9" }, { "file": "built-up-area/built-up-area-chiangmai-view.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiangmai view.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Chiangmai_view.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiangmai_view.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Thaimissions2006 at English Wikipedia", "credit": "Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.", "alt": "View from Doi Suthep mountain over Chiang Mai city, northern Thailand", "date": "18 April 2007 (original upload date)", "primary": false, "sha256": "e5a6b14d0bfd38647b4894451c9767a91aeea9ee777e923cd1c4dee68226ba89" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "congestion-index", "type": "traffic", "names": { "name": "How slow: the TomTom index", "th": "ช้าแค่ไหน ดัชนีทอมทอม", "said": "24 minutes 12 seconds for 10 km, 21.6 km/h in the rush, 89 hours a year lost. Bangkok loses 115.", "said_th": "24 นาที 12 วินาทีต่อ 10 กิโล 21.6 กม./ชม. ช่วงเร่งด่วน เสียปีละ 89 ชั่วโมง กรุงเทพฯ เสีย 115" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "year": "2025" }, "text": { "what": "TomTom's 2025 index for Chiang Mai: average congestion 48.7 percent, 2.3 points below 2024; 24 minutes 12 seconds per 10 km; 6.2 km driven in fifteen minutes; morning rush 24:41 and 55.8 percent, evening 29:42 and 82.4 percent at 20.2 km/h; 89 hours lost in the rush hours over the year; the worst day Monday 3 November 2025 at 138 percent at five o'clock; no highways in the sample. Bangkok: 67.9 percent, 22:59 per 10 km, 115 hours lost, evening 126.5 percent. Numbeo's crowd index, 32 contributors: Chiang Mai 115.9 against Bangkok 202.2, an average one-way commute of 13.9 km.", "story": "*Inference —* the May trough in the monthly series, 37 percent, is the university out and the smoke season over; the November peak is the high season back. Chiang Mai's congestion is seasonal in a way Bangkok's is not, and the road plans do not say which month they are built for." }, "text_th": { "what": "ดัชนีทอมทอมปี 2568 สำหรับเชียงใหม่ ความติดขัดเฉลี่ยร้อยละ 48.7 ต่ำกว่า 2567 2.3 จุด 24 นาที 12 วินาทีต่อ 10 กม. ขับได้ 6.2 กม. ในสิบห้านาที เช้าเร่งด่วน 24:41 และร้อยละ 55.8 เย็น 29:42 และร้อยละ 82.4 ที่ 20.2 กม./ชม. เสีย 89 ชั่วโมงในชั่วโมงเร่งด่วนตลอดปี วันแย่สุดจันทร์ 3 พฤศจิกายน 2568 ร้อยละ 138 ตอนห้าโมง ไม่มีทางด่วนในตัวอย่าง กรุงเทพฯ ร้อยละ 67.9 22:59 ต่อ 10 กม. เสีย 115 ชั่วโมง เย็นร้อยละ 126.5 ดัชนีคนช่วยกรอกของนัมบิโอ 32 คน เชียงใหม่ 115.9 ต่อกรุงเทพฯ 202.2 เดินทางเที่ยวเดียวเฉลี่ย 13.9 กม.", "story": "*อนุมาน —* จุดต่ำเดือนพฤษภาคมในชุดรายเดือน ร้อยละ 37 คือมหาวิทยาลัยปิดและหมดฤดูควัน จุดสูงพฤศจิกายนคือนักท่องเที่ยวกลับมา ความติดขัดของเชียงใหม่เป็นไปตามฤดูในแบบที่กรุงเทพฯ บ่เป็น และแผนถนนบ่บอกว่าสร้างเพื่อเดือนไหน" }, "figure": { "value": "24:12", "unit": "minutes per 10 km, 2025", "unit_th": "นาทีต่อ 10 กม. 2568", "year": "2025", "source": "s:tomtom-cm", "series": [ { "label": "Chiang Mai, congestion", "value": "48.7%", "source": "s:tomtom-cm" }, { "label": "Bangkok, congestion", "value": "67.9%", "source": "s:tomtom-bkk" }, { "label": "Chiang Mai, hours lost", "value": 89, "source": "s:tomtom-cm" }, { "label": "Bangkok, hours lost", "value": 115, "source": "s:tomtom-bkk" } ], "method": "TomTom's city pages, raw HTML parsed; the twelve monthly values for 2025 and 2024 are in the harvest file, with a note that which row is which year is this project's reading.", "method_th": "หน้าเมืองของทอมทอม อ่านจาก HTML ดิบ ค่ารายเดือนสิบสองค่าของ 2568 และ 2567 อยู่ในไฟล์เก็บข้อมูล พร้อมหมายเหตุว่าแถวไหนเป็นปีไหนคือการอ่านของโครงการนี้", "compare": "Bangkok", "compare_th": "กรุงเทพฯ" }, "kin": [ { "to": "rincome-junction", "as": "The junction the planners name.", "rel": "junction" }, { "to": "public-transport-share", "as": "The other side of the same number.", "rel": "traffic" } ], "sources": [ "s:tomtom-cm", "s:tomtom-bkk", "s:numbeo-cm" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:tomtom-cm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "congestion-index/congestion-index-chiangmai-traffic.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiangmai traffic.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Chiangmai_traffic.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiangmai_traffic.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Love Krittaya", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Traffic on Suthep road in Chiang Mai, Thailand", "date": "2007-09-01 16:49:13", "primary": true, "sha256": "5fbf69e62a455681c1dcf830394d033656871f89c69883d3ef4c03371c0ac5a6" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "smoke-and-traffic", "type": "traffic", "name": "What the air says about the roads", "as": "The other seasonal number." } ] }, { "id": "fuel-today", "type": "traffic", "names": { "name": "What a litre cost on the day this was built", "th": "ลิตรละเท่าไรวันที่สร้างเว็บนี้", "said": "Gasohol 95 at 39.94 baht, diesel at 40.69, on 21 September 2026.", "said_th": "แก๊สโซฮอล์ 95 ลิตรละ 39.94 ดีเซล 40.69 วันที่ 21 กันยายน 2569" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "year": "2026" }, "text": { "what": "PTT retail on the build date: Gasohol 95 39.94; Gasohol 91 39.57; E20 34.94; E85 30.88; diesel B7 40.69; premium diesel 50.05 baht a litre. No regional differential is published. A number that expires the day after it is printed, kept here because a road page with no price on it is a road page for people who do not pay." }, "text_th": { "what": "ราคาขายปลีก ปตท. วันที่สร้าง แก๊สโซฮอล์ 95 39.94 แก๊สโซฮอล์ 91 39.57 E20 34.94 E85 30.88 ดีเซล B7 40.69 ดีเซลพรีเมียม 50.05 บาทต่อลิตร ไม่มีส่วนต่างรายภาค ตัวเลขที่หมดอายุวันถัดจากวันพิมพ์ เก็บไว้เพราะหน้าถนนที่บ่มีราคาคือหน้าถนนสำหรับคนที่บ่ต้องจ่าย" }, "figure": { "value": 39.94, "unit": "baht a litre, Gasohol 95, 2026-09-21", "unit_th": "บาทต่อลิตร แก๊สโซฮอล์ 95 21 ก.ย. 2569", "year": "2026", "source": "s:kapook-gasprice", "series": [ { "label": "Gasohol 95", "value": 39.94 }, { "label": "Gasohol 91", "value": 39.57 }, { "label": "E20", "value": 34.94 }, { "label": "E85", "value": 30.88 }, { "label": "Diesel B7", "value": 40.69 }, { "label": "Premium diesel", "value": 50.05 } ], "method": "One retail price list on one day.", "method_th": "ราคาขายปลีกหนึ่งรายการในหนึ่งวัน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-1", "as": "696 km to Bangkok, at this price.", "rel": "highway" } ], "tags": [ "fun" ], "sources": [ "s:kapook-gasprice" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:kapook-gasprice" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "map-shell-1958", "type": "map", "name": "The Shell wall map, about 1958", "as": "What a litre costs now." } ] }, { "id": "motorcycle-share", "type": "traffic", "names": { "name": "The motorcycle, counted and not counted", "th": "มอเตอร์ไซค์ ที่นับและที่บ่นับ", "said": "A quarter of the count on the highways, half of the vehicles in the country, four fifths of the dead.", "said_th": "หนึ่งในสี่ของการนับบนทางหลวง ครึ่งหนึ่งของรถในประเทศ สี่ในห้าของผู้ตาย" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "year": "2025" }, "text": { "what": "The highway counts put motorcycles in a separate column, and across the province's stations they run at about a quarter of the four-wheeled figure; on the Hang Dong road at km 7.65 in 2024 it was 16,378 against 41,450, two fifths. Nationally, powered two- and three-wheelers were 21.9 million of 42.3 million registered vehicles in 2021, and 596 vehicles per thousand residents in 2022 of which 52 percent were two-wheelers. Of Chiang Mai's road deaths with a known vehicle, motorcycles were 79 to 89 percent in each year from 2022 to 2025.", "story": "*Inference —* the highway department's headline number leaves out the vehicle most people in this city are on. A count that excludes motorcycles describes the road as the department sees it, not as the city rides it." }, "text_th": { "what": "การนับบนทางหลวงแยกจักรยานยนต์ไว้อีกคอลัมน์ และทั่วสถานีของจังหวัดมันอยู่ราวหนึ่งในสี่ของตัวเลขสี่ล้อ บนถนนหางดง กม.7.65 ปี 2567 เป็น 16,378 ต่อ 41,450 สองในห้า ทั้งประเทศ รถสองและสามล้อมีเครื่องยนต์ 21.9 ล้านจาก 42.3 ล้านคันจดทะเบียนปี 2564 และ 596 คันต่อพันคนปี 2565 ร้อยละ 52 เป็นสองล้อ ในผู้เสียชีวิตบนถนนของเชียงใหม่ที่ทราบพาหนะ จักรยานยนต์เป็นร้อยละ 79 ถึง 89 ทุกปีตั้งแต่ 2565 ถึง 2568", "story": "*อนุมาน —* ตัวเลขหลักของกรมทางหลวงตัดพาหนะที่คนส่วนใหญ่ในเมืองนี้ขี่ออกไป การนับที่ไม่รวมจักรยานยนต์บรรยายถนนอย่างที่กรมเห็น ไม่ใช่อย่างที่เมืองขี่" }, "figure": { "value": "26%", "unit": "motorcycles as a share of the four-wheeled count, all stations, 2025", "unit_th": "จักรยานยนต์เทียบการนับสี่ล้อ ทุกสถานี 2568", "year": "2025", "source": "s:doh-aadt", "series": [ { "label": "on the highways, share of 4-wheel count", "value": "26%", "year": "2025", "source": "s:doh-aadt" }, { "label": "of registered vehicles, Thailand", "value": "52%", "year": "2021", "source": "s:who-tha-2023" }, { "label": "of Chiang Mai road deaths with a known vehicle", "value": "83%", "year": "2024", "source": "s:ddc-rtddi" } ], "method": "Three sources, three denominators, printed side by side rather than averaged.", "method_th": "สามแหล่ง สามตัวหาร พิมพ์เคียงกันแทนการเฉลี่ย" }, "kin": [ { "to": "road-deaths", "as": "The deaths.", "rel": "traffic" }, { "to": "rot-daeng", "as": "The other vehicle.", "rel": "word" } ], "sources": [ "s:doh-aadt", "s:who-tha-2023", "s:ato-thailand-2025", "s:ddc-rtddi" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:doh-aadt" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "motorcycle-share/motorcycle-share-chiang-mai-seven-eleven.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai Seven-Eleven.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Chiang_Mai_Seven-Eleven.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_Seven-Eleven.jpg", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "author": "Douglas Perkins", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "A Seven-Eleven store front complete with motorcycles. Chiang Mai, Thailand.", "date": "2014-12-26 12:27:06", "primary": true, "sha256": "0eabda8b131566b223afd559e866d40495d53d5515f5822c6a67e833e20bce6f" }, { "file": "motorcycle-share/motorcycle-share-wat-lok-molee-motorcycles.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wat Lok Molee-Motorcycles.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Wat_Lok_Molee-Motorcycles.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWat_Lok_Molee-Motorcycles.jpg", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "author": "Immanuelle", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "September 2024 in Chiang Mai", "date": "2024-09-01 13:53:52", "primary": false, "sha256": "0462aeda1f0148cd70f91c6447feaf1b05ab1bcb3802fe8d4fa8c695cb16a3a3" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "aadt-stations", "type": "traffic", "name": "Eighty-one counting stations", "as": "The motorcycle column." }, { "from": "road-deaths", "type": "traffic", "name": "Road deaths, by province and year", "as": "Who dies." } ] }, { "id": "municipal-roads", "type": "traffic", "names": { "name": "The municipality's roads, counted by the municipality", "th": "ถนนของเทศบาล นับโดยเทศบาล", "said": "699 roads, 255.65 km, in 40.2 km²; and three national highways pass through.", "said_th": "699 สาย 255.65 กม. ใน 40.2 ตร.กม. และทางหลวงแผ่นดินสามสายผ่าน" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "year": "2023" }, "text": { "what": "Chiang Mai municipality, 40.216 km² since 1983 in four wards, reports 699 roads totalling 255.65 km: 469 asphalt at 182.76 km, 216 concrete at 69.69 km, 14 paving-block at 3.20 km. Three national highways run inside it: 11, 121 and 1141. Cables have gone underground on Tha Phae 1,055 m, Chang Klan 700 m and Phra Pokklao 2,000 m. Registered population 137,793 in 2011 and falling each year to 2020; 129,536 in 2018 against 150,537 in 1985. The province had 1,799,019 people in 2024." }, "text_th": { "what": "เทศบาลนครเชียงใหม่ 40.216 ตร.กม. ตั้งแต่ 2526 สี่แขวง รายงานถนน 699 สาย รวม 255.65 กม. ลาดยาง 469 สาย 182.76 กม. คอนกรีต 216 สาย 69.69 กม. บล็อกคอนกรีต 14 สาย 3.20 กม. ทางหลวงแผ่นดินสามสายอยู่ในเขต 11, 121 และ 1141 สายไฟลงดินแล้วที่ท่าแพ 1,055 เมตร ช้างคลาน 700 เมตร พระปกเกล้า 2,000 เมตร ประชากรทะเบียน 137,793 ปี 2554 ลดทุกปีถึง 2563 129,536 ปี 2561 เทียบ 150,537 ปี 2528 จังหวัดมี 1,799,019 คนปี 2567" }, "figure": { "value": 255.65, "unit": "km of municipal road", "unit_th": "กม. ถนนเทศบาล", "year": "2023", "source": "s:cmcity-pdf-2023", "series": [ { "label": "asphalt", "value": 182.76, "note": "469 roads" }, { "label": "concrete", "value": 69.69, "note": "216 roads" }, { "label": "paving block", "value": 3.2, "note": "14 roads" } ], "method": "The municipality's own basic-data PDF, 2023. The site's own OpenStreetMap count for the same box is on the measurements page and is larger, because it includes lanes the municipality does not list.", "method_th": "PDF ข้อมูลพื้นฐานของเทศบาลเอง 2566 การนับจาก OpenStreetMap ของเว็บนี้สำหรับกรอบเดียวกันอยู่บนหน้าการวัดและมากกว่า เพราะรวมฮ่อมที่เทศบาลไม่ได้ขึ้นบัญชี", "compare": "the OpenStreetMap kilometres on the measurements page", "compare_th": "กิโลเมตรจาก OpenStreetMap บนหน้าการวัด" }, "kin": [ { "to": "network-km", "as": "The map's count.", "rel": "measure" }, { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "Municipal roads.", "rel": "ring" } ], "sources": [ "s:cmcity-pdf-2023", "s:thwp-cm-municipality", "s:wp-cm-province" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:cmcity-pdf-2023" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "municipal-roads/municipal-roads-chiang-mai-chayiaphoom-road-0001.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai - Chayiaphoom Road - 0001.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Chiang_Mai_-_Chayiaphoom_Road_-_0001.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_-_Chayiaphoom_Road_-_0001.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Stefan Fussan", "credit": "Own work - My images are also available on MyPortfolio", "alt": "Chayiaphoom Road, Chiang Mai, Thailand", "date": "2014-05-23", "primary": true, "sha256": "da8f36cac4d4a928fc864b1ea99759bb54cef50768030f6bcdee45d94a3a84b7" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "network-km", "type": "measure", "name": "The network, in kilometres", "as": "The municipality's own count." } ] }, { "id": "public-transport-share", "type": "traffic", "names": { "name": "The public-transport share, and the target", "th": "สัดส่วนขนส่งสาธารณะ และเป้า", "said": "3.8 percent of trips in 2024 by the ministry's own table; 13 percent by the province's plan; 20 percent by 2032.", "said_th": "ร้อยละ 3.8 ของการเดินทางปี 2567 ตามตารางของกระทรวงเอง ร้อยละ 13 ตามแผนจังหวัด ร้อยละ 20 ภายใน 2575" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "year": "2024" }, "text": { "what": "The transport ministry's public-transport master plan for the city carries a KPI table: 3.8 percent of trips in 2024, 5.9 in 2025, 7.9 in 2026, 10 in 2027, rising to 20 percent from 2032. Whether the 2024 value is measured or a baseline is not stated. The provincial subcommittee's 2026 minutes model 13 percent, about 130,000 trips and 60,000 riders, on a 15 baht flat fare with 17 electric bus routes, 746 stops, 733 km, 238 buses in 2026 and 146 more in 2032; a 400 m catchment would reach 341,109 people, 45 percent of the study area." }, "text_th": { "what": "แผนแม่บทขนส่งสาธารณะของกระทรวงคมนาคมสำหรับเมืองมีตารางตัวชี้วัด ร้อยละ 3.8 ของการเดินทางปี 2567 5.9 ปี 2568 7.9 ปี 2569 10 ปี 2570 ขึ้นถึงร้อยละ 20 ตั้งแต่ 2575 ค่าปี 2567 เป็นค่าวัดหรือค่าฐานไม่ระบุ รายงานอนุกรรมการจังหวัด 2569 จำลองร้อยละ 13 ราว 130,000 เที่ยวและผู้ใช้ 60,000 คน ด้วยค่าโดยสาร 15 บาทตลอดสาย รถเมล์ไฟฟ้า 17 สาย 746 ป้าย 733 กม. 238 คันปี 2569 และอีก 146 ปี 2575 รัศมี 400 เมตรจากป้ายครอบคลุม 341,109 คน ร้อยละ 45 ของพื้นที่ศึกษา" }, "figure": { "value": "3.8%", "unit": "public-transport share of trips, 2024, as tabled", "unit_th": "สัดส่วนขนส่งสาธารณะของการเดินทาง 2567 ตามตาราง", "year": "2024", "source": "s:otp-ch8", "series": [ { "label": "2024", "value": "3.8%" }, { "label": "2025", "value": "5.9%" }, { "label": "2026", "value": "7.9%" }, { "label": "2027", "value": "10%" }, { "label": "2032 on", "value": "20%" } ], "method": "OTP chapter 8 KPI table; the series is a target path, and the page says so.", "method_th": "ตารางตัวชี้วัดบทที่ 8 ของ สนข. ชุดข้อมูลคือเส้นทางเป้าหมาย และหน้านี้บอกไว้" }, "kin": [ { "to": "songthaew-count", "as": "The fleet that exists.", "rel": "traffic" }, { "to": "lrt-red-line", "as": "The plan.", "rel": "plan" } ], "sources": [ "s:otp-ch8", "s:cm-traffic-minutes-2569" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:otp-ch8" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "public-transport-share/public-transport-share-green-bus-chiang-mai-bus.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:GREEN BUS Chiang Mai Bus.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/GREEN_BUS_Chiang_Mai_Bus.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGREEN_BUS_Chiang_Mai_Bus.jpg", "license": "CC0 1.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "author": "Khxwklong", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "GREEN BUS Chiang Mai Bus", "date": "2024-04-03 15:32:27", "primary": true, "sha256": "1161066d3aa3bcb3747260b99443c0993dc5a825d91e848727f88ac68d4ad1c1" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "lrt-red-line", "type": "plan", "name": "Chiang Mai light rail, the Red Line", "as": "The share it is meant to lift." }, { "from": "congestion-index", "type": "traffic", "name": "How slow: the TomTom index", "as": "The other side of the same number." }, { "from": "songthaew-count", "type": "traffic", "name": "The red trucks, counted", "as": "The target." } ] }, { "id": "road-deaths", "type": "traffic", "names": { "name": "Road deaths, by province and year", "th": "ผู้เสียชีวิตบนถนน รายจังหวัด รายปี", "said": "558 in 2024, 31 per 100,000, and four in five of them on a motorcycle.", "said_th": "558 คนปี 2567 31 ต่อแสน และสี่ในห้าอยู่บนมอเตอร์ไซค์" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "year": "2024" }, "text": { "what": "The disease control department's three-database file, one row per death, filtered to the province of death: 595 in 2022, 616 in 2023, 558 in 2024, 513 in 2025 with that year's file still filling. Against a provincial population of 1,799,019 the 2024 figure is 31 per 100,000; Thailand's rate was 25.4 in 2021 by WHO, down from 45.8 in 2010. In 2024 the deaths were 60 under twenty, 350 aged twenty to fifty-nine, 132 sixty and over; the districts with most were Mueang 140, Mae Rim 80, San Sai 42, Fang 36, Hang Dong 25. The helmet field was empty on every Chiang Mai row.", "story": "*Inference —* Mueang district's 140 is a quarter of the province's dead in a district with a fifth of its people, and Mae Rim's 80 is the Route 107 corridor. The file has coordinates for some rows; a map of them is a job this project did not do, and a page that says so is on the site." }, "text_th": { "what": "ไฟล์สามฐานของกรมควบคุมโรค หนึ่งแถวต่อหนึ่งการตาย กรองตามจังหวัดที่เสียชีวิต 595 ปี 2565 616 ปี 2566 558 ปี 2567 513 ปี 2568 ที่ไฟล์ปีนั้นยังเติมอยู่ เทียบประชากรจังหวัด 1,799,019 ตัวเลขปี 2567 คือ 31 ต่อแสน อัตราของประเทศไทย 25.4 ปี 2564 ตามองค์การอนามัยโลก ลดจาก 45.8 ปี 2553 ปี 2567 ผู้ตายอายุต่ำกว่ายี่สิบ 60 คน ยี่สิบถึงห้าสิบเก้า 350 หกสิบขึ้นไป 132 อำเภอที่มากสุด เมือง 140 แม่ริม 80 สันทราย 42 ฝาง 36 หางดง 25 ช่องหมวกกันน็อกว่างทุกแถวของเชียงใหม่", "story": "*อนุมาน —* 140 ของอำเภอเมืองคือหนึ่งในสี่ของผู้ตายทั้งจังหวัดในอำเภอที่มีคนหนึ่งในห้า และ 80 ของแม่ริมคือแนวทางหลวง 107 ไฟล์มีพิกัดบางแถว แผนที่ของมันคืองานที่โครงการนี้บ่ได้ทำ และหน้าที่บอกอย่างนั้นอยู่บนเว็บ" }, "figure": { "value": 558, "unit": "deaths in the province, 2024", "unit_th": "ผู้เสียชีวิตในจังหวัด 2567", "year": "2024", "source": "s:ddc-rtddi", "series": [ { "label": "2022", "value": 595 }, { "label": "2023", "value": 616 }, { "label": "2024", "value": 558 }, { "label": "2025", "value": 513, "note": "file still filling as of May 2026" } ], "method": "Rows of the DDC three-database CSV whose province-of-death field contains เชียงใหม่. Motorcycle share is of rows with a known vehicle. Rate uses the DOPA 2024 population.", "method_th": "แถวใน CSV สามฐานของกรมควบคุมโรคที่ช่องจังหวัดที่เสียชีวิตมีคำว่าเชียงใหม่ สัดส่วนจักรยานยนต์คิดจากแถวที่ทราบพาหนะ อัตราใช้ประชากร ปค. 2567", "compare": "Thailand 25.4 per 100,000 in 2021, WHO estimate; about 31 deaths per 1,000 road-km nationally.", "compare_th": "ประเทศไทย 25.4 ต่อแสนปี 2564 ตามองค์การอนามัยโลก ราว 31 ศพต่อ 1,000 กม.ถนนทั้งประเทศ" }, "kin": [ { "to": "motorcycle-share", "as": "Who dies.", "rel": "traffic" }, { "to": "seven-dangerous-days", "as": "The holidays.", "rel": "traffic" }, { "to": "what-we-did-not-do", "as": "No locations by road.", "rel": "story" } ], "sources": [ "s:ddc-rtddi", "s:who-tha-2023", "s:ato-thailand-2025", "s:nation-40050817", "s:wp-cm-province" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:ddc-rtddi" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "road-deaths/road-deaths-2014-thai-traffic-police-fines-01.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:2014 Thai traffic police fines 01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/2014_Thai_traffic_police_fines_01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A2014_Thai_traffic_police_fines_01.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Takeaway", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Fines for traffic offences posted outside the traffic police station in Chiang Mai", "date": "2014-05-07 09:48:40", "primary": true, "sha256": "170dd103b7bbe33d0c4bc40361f3ac093229cd22bd9ebe494202319a106e3296" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "motorcycle-share", "type": "traffic", "name": "The motorcycle, counted and not counted", "as": "The deaths." }, { "from": "seven-dangerous-days", "type": "traffic", "name": "The seven dangerous days", "as": "The year round." }, { "from": "what-we-did-not-do", "type": "story", "name": "What this site does not have", "as": "By province, not by road." } ] }, { "id": "roads-versus-vehicles", "type": "traffic", "names": { "name": "Roads versus vehicles, 1992 to 2003", "th": "ถนนกับรถ 2535 ถึง 2546", "said": "Main roads 36.5 to 60.3 km. Registered vehicles 465,659 to 933,733.", "said_th": "ถนนหลัก 36.5 เป็น 60.3 กม. รถจดทะเบียน 465,659 เป็น 933,733" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "year": "2003" }, "text": { "what": "A 2005 geography thesis at Chiang Mai University tabulated the city's main-road kilometres against the province's registered vehicles: 36.5 km and 465,659 vehicles in 1992; 49.5 km and 695,172 in 2000; 60.3 km and 933,733 in 2003. The roads grew by two thirds and the vehicles doubled. A current provincial registration figure is not on this disk: the land transport department's table is behind a form this project could not read." }, "text_th": { "what": "วิทยานิพนธ์ภูมิศาสตร์ ม.เชียงใหม่ ปี 2548 ทำตารางกิโลเมตรถนนหลักของเมืองเทียบรถจดทะเบียนของจังหวัด 36.5 กม. และ 465,659 คันปี 2535 49.5 กม. และ 695,172 ปี 2543 60.3 กม. และ 933,733 ปี 2546 ถนนโตสองในสาม รถโตสองเท่า ตัวเลขทะเบียนจังหวัดปัจจุบันบ่มีในแผ่นนี้ ตารางของกรมการขนส่งอยู่หลังฟอร์มที่โครงการนี้อ่านบ่ได้" }, "figure": { "value": 933733, "unit": "registered vehicles, Chiang Mai province, 2003", "unit_th": "รถจดทะเบียน จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ 2546", "year": "2003", "source": "s:cmu-thesis-2548", "series": [ { "label": "1992 roads km", "value": 36.5 }, { "label": "2000 roads km", "value": 49.5 }, { "label": "2003 roads km", "value": 60.3 }, { "label": "1992 vehicles", "value": 465659 }, { "label": "2000 vehicles", "value": 695172 }, { "label": "2003 vehicles", "value": 933733 } ], "method": "Two series from one table in the thesis; the page draws them as two indexed lines.", "method_th": "สองชุดจากตารางเดียวในวิทยานิพนธ์ หน้านี้วาดเป็นเส้นดัชนีสองเส้น" }, "kin": [ { "to": "era-rings-1984-2006", "as": "The decade.", "rel": "era" }, { "to": "what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city", "as": "Where the number is used.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "what-we-did-not-do", "as": "No current registration figure.", "rel": "story" } ], "sources": [ "s:cmu-thesis-2548" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:cmu-thesis-2548" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "era-rings-1984-2006", "type": "era", "name": "1984–2006 — the rings", "as": "The number." }, { "from": "what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city", "type": "story", "name": "What a road does to an old city", "as": "The thesis number." } ] }, { "id": "seven-dangerous-days", "type": "traffic", "names": { "name": "The seven dangerous days", "th": "เจ็ดวันอันตราย", "said": "Songkran 2023 in the province: 63 crashes, 61 hurt, 7 dead. National Songkran 2026: 242 dead.", "said_th": "สงกรานต์ 2566 ในจังหวัด ชน 63 เจ็บ 61 ตาย 7 สงกรานต์ 2569 ทั้งประเทศ ตาย 242" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "year": "2023" }, "text": { "what": "The provincial count for Songkran 2023, 11 to 17 April: 63 accidents, 61 injured, 7 deaths, down from 8 the year before, motorcycles most involved; the same week 116,159 visitors and 875.7 million baht of tourism spending. Later provincial figures on this disk are search snippets, not fetched pages: Songkran 2024, 39 accidents, 3 deaths, motorcycles 74 percent; New Year 2024, 62 accidents, 6 deaths, motorcycles 82 percent. National Songkran 2026: 1,242 accidents, 242 deaths, speeding 44 percent, drink 26 percent, motorcycles 68 percent." }, "text_th": { "what": "ตัวเลขจังหวัดสงกรานต์ 2566 11–17 เมษายน อุบัติเหตุ 63 บาดเจ็บ 61 เสียชีวิต 7 ลดจาก 8 ปีก่อน จักรยานยนต์เกี่ยวข้องมากสุด สัปดาห์เดียวกันมีผู้มาเยือน 116,159 คนและใช้จ่าย 875.7 ล้านบาท ตัวเลขจังหวัดปีหลังในแผ่นนี้เป็นข้อความจากผลค้นหา ไม่ใช่หน้าที่เปิดได้ สงกรานต์ 2567 อุบัติเหตุ 39 ตาย 3 จักรยานยนต์ร้อยละ 74 ปีใหม่ 2567 อุบัติเหตุ 62 ตาย 6 จักรยานยนต์ร้อยละ 82 สงกรานต์ 2569 ทั้งประเทศ อุบัติเหตุ 1,242 ตาย 242 ขับเร็วร้อยละ 44 เมาร้อยละ 26 จักรยานยนต์ร้อยละ 68" }, "figure": { "value": 7, "unit": "deaths in the province, Songkran 2023", "unit_th": "ผู้เสียชีวิตในจังหวัด สงกรานต์ 2566", "year": "2023", "source": "s:thaipost-361601", "series": [ { "label": "Songkran 2022", "value": 8, "source": "s:thaipost-361601" }, { "label": "Songkran 2023", "value": 7, "source": "s:thaipost-361601" }, { "label": "Songkran 2024", "value": 3, "note": "search snippet, not a fetched page" }, { "label": "New Year 2024", "value": 6, "note": "search snippet, not a fetched page" } ], "method": "Provincial press release via Thai Post for 2023; later years marked as unfetched.", "method_th": "ข่าวแจกจังหวัดผ่านไทยโพสต์สำหรับ 2566 ปีหลังระบุว่าไม่ได้เปิดหน้า" }, "kin": [ { "to": "road-deaths", "as": "The year round.", "rel": "traffic" } ], "sources": [ "s:thaipost-361601", "s:ddc-rtddi" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thaipost-361601" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "seven-dangerous-days/seven-dangerous-days-chiang-mai-thailand-songkran-festival-2017-06.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang-Mai Thailand Songkran-Festival-2017-06.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Songkran-Festival-2017-06.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang-Mai_Thailand_Songkran-Festival-2017-06.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chiang Mai, Thailand: Songkran Festival 2017.", "date": "2017-04-14", "primary": true, "sha256": "cba409d159a7edb27274d8360c20ea5e7be2fa908f8ffccb7e4aea14ca6ebc13" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "road-deaths", "type": "traffic", "name": "Road deaths, by province and year", "as": "The holidays." } ] }, { "id": "smoke-and-traffic", "type": "traffic", "names": { "name": "What the air says about the roads", "th": "อากาศบอกอะไรเรื่องถนน", "said": "In the haze, burning is four times the traffic. Out of it, traffic is three quarters of what you breathe.", "said_th": "ในฤดูควัน การเผาเป็นสี่เท่าของจราจร นอกฤดู จราจรเป็นสามในสี่ของสิ่งที่หายใจ" }, "region": [ "province" ], "facets": { "year": "2024" }, "text": { "what": "A 2024 source-apportionment study, seen only in its abstract: in the smoke-haze period biomass burning contributed 59.3 µg/m³ of PM2.5 and traffic 14.6; outside it traffic contributed 27.2 and biomass 2.5, traffic being about 76 percent of the total. Days over the standard at the Yupparaj school station: 43 in 2022, 101 in 2023, 80 in 2024. A 2026 emissions inventory puts the province's biomass-burning PM2.5 at 70,179 tonnes for January to April 2024, a quarter of the north's. In April 2026 the city ranked second worst in the world for a day and disaster zones were declared.", "story": "*Inference —* eight months a year the road is the air. The plans on this site are judged on congestion; none of them is costed on breath." }, "text_th": { "what": "งานแบ่งแหล่งกำเนิดปี 2567 เห็นเพียงบทคัดย่อ ในฤดูหมอกควัน การเผาชีวมวลให้ PM2.5 59.3 ไมโครกรัมต่อลูกบาศก์เมตร จราจร 14.6 นอกฤดู จราจรให้ 27.2 ชีวมวล 2.5 จราจรราวร้อยละ 76 ของทั้งหมด วันเกินมาตรฐานที่สถานีโรงเรียนยุพราช 43 ปี 2565 101 ปี 2566 80 ปี 2567 บัญชีการปล่อยปี 2569 ให้ PM2.5 จากการเผาชีวมวลของจังหวัด 70,179 ตัน มกราคมถึงเมษายน 2567 หนึ่งในสี่ของภาคเหนือ เมษายน 2569 เมืองอยู่อันดับสองของโลกในวันหนึ่งและประกาศเขตภัยพิบัติ", "story": "*อนุมาน —* แปดเดือนต่อปี ถนนคืออากาศ แผนบนเว็บนี้ถูกตัดสินด้วยความติดขัด บ่มีแผนไหนคิดราคาด้วยลมหายใจ" }, "figure": { "value": "76%", "unit": "traffic's share of PM2.5 outside the haze season, one study", "unit_th": "สัดส่วนจราจรใน PM2.5 นอกฤดูควัน งานวิจัยเดียว", "year": "2024", "source": "s:atmos-env-2024", "series": [ { "label": "haze season: burning µg/m³", "value": 59.3 }, { "label": "haze season: traffic µg/m³", "value": 14.6 }, { "label": "outside: traffic µg/m³", "value": 27.2 }, { "label": "outside: burning µg/m³", "value": 2.5 } ], "method": "Abstract only; the full paper was not fetched. Marked as such.", "method_th": "บทคัดย่อเท่านั้น ไม่ได้เปิดฉบับเต็ม ระบุไว้" }, "kin": [ { "to": "congestion-index", "as": "The other seasonal number.", "rel": "traffic" } ], "sources": [ "s:atmos-env-2024", "s:prachatai-11115", "s:toxics-2026", "s:wp-2026-smog", "s:iqair-cm" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:atmos-env-2024" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "links": [ { "label": "The Mae Hong Son Loop — the air page, 15,050 point-days of PM2.5 by month", "url": "https://motdang.net/loop/air/" } ], "images": [ { "file": "smoke-and-traffic/smoke-and-traffic-chiang-mai-pano-2010-0128.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang mai pano 2010 0128.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Chiang_mai_pano_2010_0128.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_mai_pano_2010_0128.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Takeaway", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Panorama of the city of Chiang Mai, part of the surrounding valley and the mountains east of the city of Chiang Mai. The photo was made from the viewpoint halfway up the road towards Wat Phrathat Doi ", "date": "2010-01-28", "primary": true, "sha256": "bfa7949df2c61c9594f4f9ee00c86e6c76e0d3cfd03eb964e7334f732508e5e5" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "songthaew-count", "type": "traffic", "names": { "name": "The red trucks, counted", "th": "รถแดง นับแล้ว", "said": "2,800 in 2017, 2,465 in 2018, about 2,100 in 2024; app cars 3,000 to 4,000, of which under 200 are registered.", "said_th": "2,800 ปี 2560 2,465 ปี 2561 ราว 2,100 ปี 2567 รถแอป 3,000 ถึง 4,000 จดทะเบียนไม่ถึง 200" }, "region": [ "city" ], "facets": { "year": "2024" }, "text": { "what": "The cooperative that runs the red songthaew was founded 1978 with 21 routes. Its president's census in May 2024: red 2,100, yellow 823, white 100, green 70 to 80, blue 50 to 60, metered taxis 100, tuk-tuks 100, rental vans 1,000, app-based vehicles 3,000 to 4,000 of which fewer than 200 registered. A charter inside the middle ring is capped at 250 baht, a circular ride at 30. The city bus, RTC, carried 102 passengers a day after the pandemic on three routes at 50 baht, losing about 300,000 baht a month. The provincial subcommittee's April 2026 minutes put the city at about a million trips a day and set a public-transport target of 13 percent with a 15 baht flat fare.", "story": "*Inference —* the red truck is losing a third of its fleet a decade to the phone, and the bus that was meant to replace both carries a hundred people a day. The million trips are still happening; they have moved to a vehicle nobody counts." }, "text_th": { "what": "สหกรณ์ที่เดินรถแดงตั้งปี 2521 มี 21 เส้นทาง สำมะโนของประธานเดือนพฤษภาคม 2567 แดง 2,100 เหลือง 823 ขาว 100 เขียว 70–80 น้ำเงิน 50–60 แท็กซี่มิเตอร์ 100 ตุ๊กตุ๊ก 100 รถตู้เช่า 1,000 รถแอป 3,000–4,000 จดทะเบียนไม่ถึง 200 เหมาในวงแหวนรอบกลางเพดาน 250 บาท วิ่งวนรอบ 30 บาท รถเมล์เมือง RTC รับผู้โดยสารวันละ 102 คนหลังโควิดบนสามสาย 50 บาท ขาดทุนราวเดือนละ 300,000 รายงานอนุกรรมการจังหวัดเมษายน 2569 ให้เมืองมีการเดินทางราววันละหนึ่งล้านเที่ยว และตั้งเป้าขนส่งสาธารณะร้อยละ 13 ด้วยค่าโดยสาร 15 บาทตลอดสาย", "story": "*อนุมาน —* รถแดงเสียหนึ่งในสามของกองรถต่อทศวรรษให้โทรศัพท์ และรถเมล์ที่ตั้งใจแทนทั้งสองรับคนวันละร้อยคน การเดินทางล้านเที่ยวยังเกิดอยู่ มันย้ายไปพาหนะที่บ่มีใครนับ" }, "figure": { "value": 2100, "unit": "red songthaew, May 2024", "unit_th": "รถแดง พฤษภาคม 2567", "year": "2024", "source": "s:tcij-13641", "series": [ { "label": "2017", "value": 2800, "source": "s:prachatai-11232" }, { "label": "2018", "value": 2465, "source": "s:prachatai-11232" }, { "label": "2024", "value": 2100, "source": "s:tcij-13641" } ], "method": "Counts as given by the cooperative and reported by Prachatai and TCIJ; not a registry.", "method_th": "ตัวเลขตามที่สหกรณ์ให้และประชาไทกับ TCIJ รายงาน ไม่ใช่ทะเบียน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "rot-daeng", "as": "The word.", "rel": "word" }, { "to": "public-transport-share", "as": "The target.", "rel": "traffic" }, { "to": "lrt-red-line", "as": "The rail that would join them.", "rel": "plan" } ], "sources": [ "s:prachatai-11232", "s:tcij-13641", "s:prachatai-11234", "s:momentum-rtc", "s:cm-traffic-minutes-2569" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:prachatai-11232" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "songthaew-count/songthaew-count-chiang-mai-thailand-taxis-at-arcade-bus-station-01.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang-Mai Thailand Taxis-at-Arcade-Bus-Station-01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Taxis-at-Arcade-Bus-Station-01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang-Mai_Thailand_Taxis-at-Arcade-Bus-Station-01.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chiang Mai, Thailand: Tour taxis, waiting at the Arcade bus terminal", "date": "2009-11-20", "primary": true, "sha256": "151c7ec1002147535c3f219e4cc2ce6e8d288cad0515df96fb52c338ddfd3ed9" }, { "file": "songthaew-count/songthaew-count-red-car-chiang-mai-2.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Red Car Chiang Mai (2).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Red_Car_Chiang_Mai_%282%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARed_Car_Chiang_Mai_%282%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Patiparn.Nice2002bkk", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Red Car Chiang Mai", "date": "2022-04-10 13:02:18", "primary": false, "sha256": "4b3f72f9323b86507a14458b234fa90244ad77dc34e5f37cc8cf4df86cd66f7c" }, { "file": "songthaew-count/songthaew-count-rot-daeng-in-downtown-chiang-mai.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Rot Daeng in downtown Chiang Mai.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Rot_Daeng_in_downtown_Chiang_Mai.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARot_Daeng_in_downtown_Chiang_Mai.jpg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "author": "Manop", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "การจราจรในเมืองเชียงใหม่", "date": "2008-07-26", "primary": false, "sha256": "d3d47acacf7bf6839d4866c7146473d458262d4772c1469189187dbde807adfd" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "public-transport-share", "type": "traffic", "name": "The public-transport share, and the target", "as": "The fleet that exists." }, { "from": "rot-daeng", "type": "word", "name": "รถแดง rot daeng", "as": "How many, counted." } ] }, { "id": "chaeng", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "แจ่ง chaeng", "th": "แจ่ง", "rtgs": "chaeng" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "แจ่ง chaeng — Kam Mueang for a corner or angle; standard Thai mum. The four corners of the moat are the four chaeng, each with its own name.", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "The word for the four corners of the moat. A songthaew driver navigates the square by its chaeng, not by street names, and so does this site." }, "text_th": { "what": "คำสำหรับสี่มุมคูเมือง คนขับรถแดงบอกทางในเวียงด้วยแจ่ง บ่ใช่ชื่อถนน เว็บนี้ก็เหมือนกัน" }, "word": { "th": "แจ่ง", "rtgs": "chaeng", "ipa": "/tɕɛ̀ŋ/", "standard": "มุม · ป้อมมุมกำแพง", "standard_rtgs": "mum · pom", "gloss": "a corner; the bastion at a corner of the city wall", "gloss_th": "มุม ป้อมมุมเวียง", "example": "แจ่งศรีภูมิ", "example_gloss": "Chaeng Si Phum — the northeast corner" }, "kin": [ { "to": "si-phum-corner", "as": "One of the four.", "rel": "gate" }, { "to": "katam-corner", "as": "One of the four.", "rel": "gate" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "chaeng/chaeng-201703291049e-chiang-mai-city-moat.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291049e Chiang Mai, City Moat.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/201703291049e_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291049e_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Flower at the city moat of Chiang Mai between Katam Corner and Chiang Mai Gate", "date": "2017-03-29 10:49:24", "primary": true, "sha256": "a957418fdcfd87d9a95b56de85d0e6e67fad50b33b765f5d523ec73d76e05782" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "hua-lin-corner", "type": "gate", "name": "Hua Lin Corner", "as": "The word." }, { "from": "katam-corner", "type": "gate", "name": "Katam Corner", "as": "The word." }, { "from": "ku-hueang-corner", "type": "gate", "name": "Ku Hueang Corner", "as": "The word." }, { "from": "si-phum-corner", "type": "gate", "name": "Si Phum Corner", "as": "The word." } ] }, { "id": "chiang-mai-kam-mueang", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "เจียงใหม่ chiang mai", "th": "เจียงใหม่", "rtgs": "chiang mai" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "เจียง chiang — a Tai word for a walled settlement, in Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen, Chiang Tung (Kengtung); ใหม่ mai, new. In Kam Mueang the initial is unaspirated, /tɕ/, so the city is Jiang Mai in its own mouth.", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "The name, in the northern voice. The unaspirated initial is the first thing a listener notices, and the first thing this site's Thai pages do." }, "text_th": { "what": "ชื่อเมือง ในเสียงเหนือ ตัว จ ที่บ่มีลมคือสิ่งแรกที่คนฟังสังเกต และสิ่งแรกที่หน้าไทยของเว็บนี้ทำ" }, "word": { "th": "เจียงใหม่", "rtgs": "chiang mai", "ipa": "/tɕiaŋ.màj/", "standard": "เชียงใหม่", "standard_rtgs": "chiang mai", "gloss": "Chiang Mai, as the city says its own name", "gloss_th": "เชียงใหม่ อย่างที่คนเมืองออกเสียง", "example": "เมืองเจียงใหม่", "example_gloss": "mueang chiang mai — the city", "tai_tham": "ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵", "tai_tham_source": "s:wp-tai-tham" }, "kin": [ { "to": "wiang", "as": "What chiang means.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "chiang-mai-kam-mueang/chiang-mai-kam-mueang-chiangmai-view.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiangmai view.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Chiangmai_view.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiangmai_view.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Thaimissions2006 at English Wikipedia", "credit": "Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.", "alt": "View from Doi Suthep mountain over Chiang Mai city, northern Thailand", "date": "18 April 2007 (original upload date)", "primary": true, "sha256": "e5a6b14d0bfd38647b4894451c9767a91aeea9ee777e923cd1c4dee68226ba89" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "hom", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "ฮ่อม hom", "th": "ฮ่อม", "rtgs": "hom" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "ฮ่อม hom — a Kam Mueang word with no Bangkok cognate in this sense; standard Thai borrows soi from the verb 'to slice' and trok from Khmer. Kam Mueang keeps initial /h/ where Bangkok has /r/ or nothing: ฮ่อม, ฮ้าน (shop, ร้าน), ฮัก (love, รัก).", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "The Lanna word for an alley. Where a Bangkok address says soi, the old city said hom, and a few lanes still carry it in their names. This site uses it for the whole class of lanes between houses, which is where most of the city's road-kilometres are." }, "text_th": { "what": "คำเมืองสำหรับซอย ที่อยู่แบบกรุงเทพว่าซอย เวียงเก่าว่าฮ่อม และยังมีบางฮ่อมที่ชื่อติดอยู่ คำนี้ใช้บนเว็บนี้แทนตางแคบระหว่างบ้านทั้งหมด ซึ่งเป็นตี้กิโลเมตรถนนส่วนใหญ่ของเมืองอยู่" }, "word": { "th": "ฮ่อม", "rtgs": "hom", "ipa": "/hɔ̂ːm/", "standard": "ซอย · ตรอก", "standard_rtgs": "soi · trok", "gloss": "a narrow lane between houses", "gloss_th": "ทางแคบระหว่างบ้าน", "example": "ฮ่อมโพธิ์", "example_gloss": "Hom Pho — the Bodhi-tree lane; a lane name still on the map" }, "kin": [ { "to": "hom-the-lane", "as": "The lanes themselves.", "rel": "lane" }, { "to": "soi", "as": "The Bangkok word.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai", "s:thwp-soi" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "hom/hom-soi-in-chiang-mai.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Soi in Chiang Mai.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Soi_in_Chiang_Mai.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASoi_in_Chiang_Mai.JPG", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Adbar", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "A soi in Chiang Mai (Moonmuang Soi 9).", "date": "2013-04-27 16:39:05", "primary": true, "sha256": "c4c4603cbf6d8f910ace9172433ba8c66b6ed512e86884d89495017662253e5c" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "hom-the-lane", "type": "lane", "name": "The hom", "as": "The word." }, { "from": "soi", "type": "word", "name": "ซอย soi", "as": "The northern word." } ] }, { "id": "kamphaeng", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "กำแพง kamphaeng", "th": "กำแพง", "rtgs": "kamphaeng" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "กำแพง kamphaeng ← Khmer កំពែង kampaeng. Kamphaeng Din, the earthen wall, is the outer one; the brick wall by the moat has no separate name because it is the wall.", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "The wall. In Chiang Mai there are two, and only the earthen one gets a qualifier." }, "text_th": { "what": "กำแพง ในเชียงใหม่มีสองชั้น และมีแค่ชั้นดินที่ต้องบอกว่าดิน" }, "word": { "th": "กำแพง", "rtgs": "kamphaeng", "ipa": "/kam.pʰɛːŋ/", "standard": "กำแพง", "standard_rtgs": "kamphaeng", "gloss": "wall; city wall", "gloss_th": "กำแพงเมือง", "example": "กำแพงดิน", "example_gloss": "Kamphaeng Din — the earth wall" }, "kin": [ { "to": "kamphaeng-din", "as": "The earthen one.", "rel": "place" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "kamphaeng/kamphaeng-201703291207c-chiang-mai-city-moat.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291207c Chiang Mai, City Moat.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/201703291207c_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291207c_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "City moat of Chiang Mai between Hua Rin Corner and Chang Phuak Gate", "date": "2017-03-29 12:07:44", "primary": true, "sha256": "057be677edcb8975a7f791793a8dc56c5a47e26e07a1d367bd1e9ea14ab3a37a" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "kamphaeng-din", "type": "place", "name": "Kamphaeng Din, the earthen wall", "as": "The word." } ] }, { "id": "kat", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "กาด kat", "th": "กาด", "rtgs": "kat" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "กาด kat — Kam Mueang; standard Thai talat is from Khmer. Kad Luang, the great market, is Warorot; Kad Suan Kaew is a shopping mall on Huay Kaew Road that took the northern word for a modern thing.", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "The word for a market, and the reason the biggest one in the city and a shopping mall both have kat in their names. Roads here are named after markets more than markets after roads." }, "text_th": { "what": "คำสำหรับตลาด และเหตุที่กาดใหญ่สุดของเมืองกับห้างสรรพสินค้ามีคำว่ากาดในชื่อทั้งคู่ ถนนที่นี่ตั้งชื่อตามกาดมากกว่ากาดตั้งตามถนน" }, "word": { "th": "กาด", "rtgs": "kat", "ipa": "/kàːt/", "standard": "ตลาด", "standard_rtgs": "talat", "gloss": "market", "gloss_th": "ตลาด", "example": "กาดหลวง", "example_gloss": "Kad Luang — the great market, Warorot" }, "kin": [ { "to": "huay-kaew-road", "as": "Kad Suan Kaew is on it.", "rel": "road" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "kat/kat-waroros-market-chiang-mai.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Waroros Market, Chiang Mai.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Waroros_Market%2C_Chiang_Mai.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWaroros_Market%2C_Chiang_Mai.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Manop", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Waroros Market in Kad Luang, Chiang Mai City, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand\nตลาดวโรรส กาดหลวง อำเภอเมือง จังหวัดเชียงใหม่", "date": "", "primary": true, "sha256": "149ca6807777ef106cd26455282767b937a66ab14e39dea7e9b3031533964ea8" }, { "file": "kat/kat-talat-warorot-chiang-mai-thailand-4245889349.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Talat Warorot, Chiang Mai, Thailand (4245889349).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Talat_Warorot%2C_Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand_%284245889349%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ATalat_Warorot%2C_Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand_%284245889349%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "yeowatzup", "credit": "Talat Warorot, Chiang Mai, Thailand", "alt": "petsgoplaces.blogspot.com/", "date": "2009-12-31 15:41", "primary": false, "sha256": "be3381c72ba3b93b815094eecfcf4a1a92b5cfb6b417afa6e04039c346482d5f" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "chang-moi-road", "type": "road", "name": "Chang Moi Road", "as": "Kad Luang is at its end." }, { "from": "huay-kaew-road", "type": "road", "name": "Huay Kaew Road", "as": "Kad Suan Kaew is on it." } ] }, { "id": "khu", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "คู khu", "th": "คู", "rtgs": "khu" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "คู khu — Tai root, a dug channel. Khu mueang, the city ditch, is the moat; the same word in Bangkok, but there is only one khu that matters here.", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "The moat, and by extension the roads on its banks. 'Rop khu' is the loop.\n\nThe 1931 and 1945 city sheets both label it คูเวียง, khu wiang, the ditch of the walled town, rather than khu mueang. Two official maps fourteen years apart agree, and usage on the ground today has drifted to khu mueang." }, "text_th": { "what": "คูเมือง และโดยนัยคือถนนบนตลิ่งของมัน 'รอบคู' คือวงรอบ\n\nแผ่นเมืองปี 2474 และ 2488 กำกับมันว่า คูเวียง คูของเมืองมีกำแพง ไม่ใช่คูเมือง แผนที่ทางการสองแผ่นห่างกันสิบสี่ปีตรงกัน และการใช้บนพื้นที่ทุกวันนี้เคลื่อนไปเป็นคูเมือง" }, "word": { "th": "คู", "rtgs": "khu", "ipa": "/kʰuː/", "standard": "คูเมือง", "standard_rtgs": "khu mueang", "gloss": "moat; ditch", "gloss_th": "คูเมือง", "example": "รอบคูเมือง", "example_gloss": "rop khu mueang — around the moat; the ring road on its banks" }, "kin": [ { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "The roads on it.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "map-1931", "as": "Labels it khu wiang.", "rel": "map" }, { "to": "map-1945", "as": "Labels it khu wiang.", "rel": "map" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai", "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "khu/khu-201703291023a-chiang-mai-city-moat.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291023a Chiang Mai, City Moat.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/201703291023a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291023a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "City moat of Chiang Mai between Chiang Mai Gate and Suan Prung Gate", "date": "2017-03-29 10:23:35", "primary": true, "sha256": "e1b6ba2efb374f3ac6864cdb555aec2c5b5a65005cb99057e4c925d67ba4ee00" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "map-1931", "type": "map", "name": "The 1931 city map", "as": "It labels the moat with this word." }, { "from": "map-1945", "type": "map", "name": "The 1945 city map", "as": "It labels the moat with this word." }, { "from": "the-moat", "type": "place", "name": "The moat", "as": "The word." } ] }, { "id": "khua", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "ขัว khua", "th": "ขัว", "rtgs": "khua" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "ขัว khua — Tai root, cognate with Lao ຂົວ khua and Shan; standard Thai saphan is from Khmer spean. Khua Lek, the Iron Bridge, keeps the northern word in a name everyone in the city uses.", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "The Lanna word for a bridge, and the one the Iron Bridge is known by. A driver hears saphan on the signs and khua from the passengers.\n\nIt is in a gate name on the 1931 city map: ประตูขัวก้อม, Kua Kom Gate, the gate of the short bridge, on the outer wall's line southeast of the square. A Kam Mueang word for a bridge, printed on an official sheet, in 1931." }, "text_th": { "what": "คำเมืองสำหรับสะพาน และเป็นชื่อที่ขัวเหล็กถูกเรียก คนขับได้ยินคำว่าสะพานบนป้าย แต่ได้ยินขัวจากคนนั่ง\n\nมันอยู่ในชื่อประตูบนแผนที่เมืองปี 2474 ประตูขัวก้อม ประตูของขัวสั้น บนแนวกำแพงชั้นนอกทางตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ของสี่เหลี่ยม คำเมืองสำหรับสะพาน พิมพ์บนแผ่นทางการ ในปี 2474" }, "word": { "th": "ขัว", "rtgs": "khua", "ipa": "/kʰǔa/", "standard": "สะพาน", "standard_rtgs": "saphan", "gloss": "bridge", "gloss_th": "สะพาน", "example": "ขัวเหล็ก", "example_gloss": "Khua Lek — the Iron Bridge over the Ping" }, "kin": [ { "to": "iron-bridge", "as": "The bridge everyone calls by this word.", "rel": "bridge" }, { "to": "map-1931", "as": "Where the gate is named.", "rel": "map" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai", "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "khua/khua-ping-river-in-chiang-mai-panoramio-erebusso-7.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ping River in Chiang Mai - panoramio - Erebusso. (7).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Ping_River_in_Chiang_Mai_-_panoramio_-_Erebusso._%287%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APing_River_in_Chiang_Mai_-_panoramio_-_Erebusso._%287%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Erebusso.", "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161015061345/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/32519486", "alt": "Ping River in Chiang Mai with Khua Lek (Iron Bridge) and Diamond Riverside Hotel.", "date": "Taken on 4 December 2009", "primary": true, "sha256": "f67deb8164818d873c5945dad0a8667744f40ac6e43eea7cb440e0c6e92aa962" }, { "file": "khua/khua-phap-mueang-thai-1943-p-061.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phap Mueang Thai (1943, p 061).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Phap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_061%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APhap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_061%29.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Office of the Prime Minister", "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file", "alt": "This picture is described as follows:\nOriginal caption: \"A bridge over the Wang River, Lampang.\"\nUploader's caption: Perhaps referring to Ratsadaphisek Bridge.", "date": "1943-07-14", "primary": false, "sha256": "e8bf157cf8b45d342c5c12ace595d092b52053611a7a24a857da47a4a6b180a7" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "iron-bridge", "type": "bridge", "name": "Khua Lek, the Iron Bridge", "as": "The word." }, { "from": "nawarat-bridge", "type": "bridge", "name": "Nawarat Bridge", "as": "The word." }, { "from": "map-1931", "type": "map", "name": "The 1931 city map", "as": "Kua Kom Gate is on it." } ] }, { "id": "lot", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "ลอด lot", "th": "ลอด", "rtgs": "lot" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "ลอด lot — to pass beneath. The highway department's word for what it built at every junction of the middle ring: thang lot, the way under. Newspapers say umong, tunnel, for the same thing.", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "The underpass. Chiang Mai chose to go under its junctions rather than over them, seven times on the middle ring alone, and the word is on every green sign." }, "text_th": { "what": "ทางลอด เชียงใหม่เลือกลอดใต้แยกแทนข้าม บนวงแหวนรอบกลางวงเดียวเจ็ดครั้ง และคำนี้อยู่บนป้ายเขียวทุกป้าย" }, "word": { "th": "ลอด", "rtgs": "lot", "ipa": "/lɔ̂ːt/", "standard": "ทางลอด · อุโมงค์", "standard_rtgs": "thang lot · umong", "gloss": "to pass under; an underpass", "gloss_th": "ลอดใต้ ทางลอด", "example": "ทางลอดข่วงสิงห์", "example_gloss": "thang lot Khuang Sing — the underpass at the northern gate of the Superhighway" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ring-2", "as": "Seven of them.", "rel": "ring" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "lot/lot-chiang-mai-thailand-speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang-Mai Thailand Speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang-Mai_Thailand_Speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chiang Mai, Thailand: Railway water tank of Chiang Mai Railway Station", "date": "2017-04-17", "primary": true, "sha256": "8b6e7cd0877e325f6c3b36d14a0025e7683b003adc7ee6e8488a949178873ecd" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ring-2", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 2, the 700 Years Road", "as": "The word on the signs." }, { "from": "khuang-sing-underpass", "type": "junction", "name": "Khuang Sing underpass", "as": "The word." }, { "from": "ring-2-underpasses", "type": "junction", "name": "The seven underpasses of the middle ring", "as": "The word." } ] }, { "id": "pratu", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "ประตู pratu", "th": "ประตู", "rtgs": "pratu" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "ประตู pratu ← Khmer ទ្វារ / Sanskrit dvāra by way of Khmer pratu; the same word in both registers, but in Chiang Mai it means one of five specific places before it means a door.", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "Shared with standard Thai, but in this city 'pratu' is a place name first: five gates, and everyone knows which one you mean." }, "text_th": { "what": "ใช้ร่วมกับภาษากลาง แต่ในเมืองนี้ ประตูเป็นชื่อสถานที่ก่อน ห้าประตู และใผ ๆ ก็ฮู้ว่าหมายเถิงอันไหน" }, "word": { "th": "ประตู", "rtgs": "pratu", "ipa": "/pa.tǔː/", "standard": "ประตู", "standard_rtgs": "pratu", "gloss": "gate; city gate", "gloss_th": "ประตูเมือง", "example": "ประตูท่าแพ", "example_gloss": "Pratu Tha Phae — the east gate" }, "kin": [ { "to": "tha-phae-gate", "as": "The one everyone means.", "rel": "gate" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "pratu/pratu-chiangmai-thaphae-gate.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiangmai Thaphae Gate.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Chiangmai_Thaphae_Gate.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiangmai_Thaphae_Gate.JPG", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Rinto Jiang", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Tha Phae Gate of Chiang Mai", "date": "2007-01-25", "primary": true, "sha256": "0750696de839a70c5591b041a9e77e6cb770f3c813690571c543f54b10e0e526" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "rot-daeng", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "รถแดง rot daeng", "th": "รถแดง", "rtgs": "rot daeng" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "รถ rot, vehicle ← Sanskrit ratha, chariot + แดง daeng, red. Elsewhere in Thailand a songthaew, two rows, for the benches in the back. Here the colour is the name.", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "The red pickup with two benches that is the city's bus, taxi and school run. It has no route, only a direction and a fare, which is why it is on a site about roads: it is how most of them are used." }, "text_th": { "what": "รถกระบะแดงมีม้านั่งสองแถวที่เป็นรถเมล์ แท็กซี่ และรถรับส่งนักเรียนของเมือง มันบ่มีเส้นทาง มีแต่ทิศกับค่าโดยสาร นี่คือเหตุที่มันอยู่บนเว็บเรื่องถนน มันคือวิธีที่ถนนส่วนใหญ่ถูกใช้" }, "word": { "th": "รถแดง", "rtgs": "rot daeng", "ipa": "/rót.dɛːŋ/", "standard": "รถสองแถว", "standard_rtgs": "rot song thaeo", "gloss": "the red truck; Chiang Mai's shared taxi", "gloss_th": "รถสองแถวแดงของเชียงใหม่", "example": "ขึ้นรถแดง", "example_gloss": "khuen rot daeng — get in a red truck" }, "kin": [ { "to": "songthaew-count", "as": "How many, counted.", "rel": "traffic" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai", "s:wp-songthaew" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "rot-daeng/rot-daeng-red-car-chiang-mai-4.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Red Car Chiang Mai (4).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Red_Car_Chiang_Mai_%284%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARed_Car_Chiang_Mai_%284%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Patiparn.Nice2002bkk", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Red Car Chiang Mai", "date": "2022-04-10 16:40:14", "primary": true, "sha256": "1fe3219e3e5e9a89b5bb7fbb29ca4df3f170727a127c2a5ae118d55b87c3246d" }, { "file": "rot-daeng/rot-daeng-rot-daeng-in-downtown-chiang-mai.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Rot Daeng in downtown Chiang Mai.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Rot_Daeng_in_downtown_Chiang_Mai.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARot_Daeng_in_downtown_Chiang_Mai.jpg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "author": "Manop", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "การจราจรในเมืองเชียงใหม่", "date": "2008-07-26", "primary": false, "sha256": "d3d47acacf7bf6839d4866c7146473d458262d4772c1469189187dbde807adfd" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "motorcycle-share", "type": "traffic", "name": "The motorcycle, counted and not counted", "as": "The other vehicle." }, { "from": "songthaew-count", "type": "traffic", "name": "The red trucks, counted", "as": "The word." } ] }, { "id": "soi", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "ซอย soi", "th": "ซอย", "rtgs": "soi" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "ซอย soi — from the verb to slice or cut into strips; a soi is a cut off a main road. Numbered along the road, even numbers on one side and odd on the other; a trok is the level below. Named sois often carry a landowner's name.", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "The Bangkok word and the postal one. Every lane on the map that has a number has it because of this system; the ones that have a name instead are older or prouder." }, "text_th": { "what": "คำกรุงเทพและคำไปรษณีย์ ทุกซอยบนแผนที่ที่มีเลขมีเพราะระบบนี้ ซอยที่มีชื่อแทนเลขนั้นเก่ากว่าหรือหยิ่งกว่า" }, "word": { "th": "ซอย", "rtgs": "soi", "ipa": "/sɔːj/", "standard": "ซอย", "standard_rtgs": "soi", "gloss": "a side street off a main road, numbered along it", "gloss_th": "ซอยแยกจากถนนหลัก", "example": "ซอยนิมมานเหมินท์ 1", "example_gloss": "Soi Nimmanhaemin 1 — the first cut off Nimman" }, "kin": [ { "to": "hom", "as": "The northern word.", "rel": "word" }, { "to": "soi-numbering", "as": "How the numbers work.", "rel": "lane" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai", "s:thwp-soi" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "soi/soi-ban-nanuea-soi-2-street-01.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ban Nanuea Soi 2 (street) 01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Ban_Nanuea_Soi_2_%28street%29_01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABan_Nanuea_Soi_2_%28street%29_01.jpg", "license": "CC0 1.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "author": "This is Arthur Morganar (RDR2-THR)", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Ban Nanuea Soi 2 This is the local street from Thailand. IMG20240923183042.", "date": "2024-09-23 18:30:39", "primary": true, "sha256": "0fe7e8fd32271e4c14a70cad985fc90cc5e9f49253aba49e0ebfb1512b711b9b" }, { "file": "soi/soi-chiang-mai-moonmuang-road-soi-7-0001.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai - Moonmuang Road Soi 7 - 0001.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Chiang_Mai_-_Moonmuang_Road_Soi_7_-_0001.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_-_Moonmuang_Road_Soi_7_-_0001.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Stefan Fussan", "credit": "Own work - My images are also available on MyPortfolio", "alt": "Moonmuang Road Soi 7, Chiang Mai, Thailand", "date": "2014-05-23", "primary": false, "sha256": "187d85f46fa7500f9204abb98ea32217e82965d800fb428108e2c950da0fddf0" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "soi-numbering", "type": "lane", "name": "How a soi gets its number", "as": "The word." }, { "from": "soi-count", "type": "measure", "name": "Sois, counted by name", "as": "The word." }, { "from": "hom", "type": "word", "name": "ฮ่อม hom", "as": "The Bangkok word." } ] }, { "id": "thang", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "ทาง thang", "th": "ทาง", "rtgs": "thang" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "ทาง thang — Tai root. Thang luang, the royal way, is a national highway; thang lot, the way under, is an underpass; thang khuen doi, the way up the mountain.", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "The general word for a way, which the highway department uses for everything it builds: thang luang for a national highway, thang lot for an underpass, thang yok radap for an elevated road." }, "text_th": { "what": "คำทั่วไปสำหรับทาง ซึ่งกรมทางหลวงใช้เรียกทุกอย่างที่สร้าง ทางหลวง ทางลอด ทางยกระดับ" }, "word": { "th": "ทาง", "rtgs": "thang", "ipa": "/tʰaːŋ/", "standard": "ทาง", "standard_rtgs": "thang", "gloss": "way, path, direction; in compounds, a road of a certain kind", "gloss_th": "ทาง ทิศทาง", "example": "ทางลอด", "example_gloss": "thang lot — an underpass" }, "kin": [ { "to": "thanon", "as": "The other word.", "rel": "word" }, { "to": "khuang-sing-underpass", "as": "A thang lot.", "rel": "junction" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "thang/thang-chiang-mai-thailand-speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang-Mai Thailand Speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang-Mai_Thailand_Speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chiang Mai, Thailand: Railway water tank of Chiang Mai Railway Station", "date": "2017-04-17", "primary": true, "sha256": "8b6e7cd0877e325f6c3b36d14a0025e7683b003adc7ee6e8488a949178873ecd" }, { "file": "thang/thang-thailand-traffic-signs-working-sites-03.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Thailand Traffic-signs Working-sites-03.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Thailand_Traffic-signs_Working-sites-03.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AThailand_Traffic-signs_Working-sites-03.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Traffic signs in Thailand: Working site (Photo taken at Chiang Mai University)", "date": "2017-04-19", "primary": false, "sha256": "6e8dcf0ec322e1971bc329ce0fbaf7c6e6933bbf93c21715f3d9f10c306d2451" }, { "file": "thang/thang-pearl-of-asia-1892-p-339.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Pearl of Asia (1892, p 339).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Pearl_of_Asia_%281892%2C_p_339%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APearl_of_Asia_%281892%2C_p_339%29.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file", "alt": "* Original caption: Native bullock carts & ox yokes.\nUploader's caption: Ra-thae (Thai: ระแทะ), a traditional vehicle of Thailand.", "date": "1892", "primary": false, "sha256": "d979fdd89aea00765fd764b70c2b80aa70466964b3ec846a70f325f3bc75c51c" }, { "file": "thang/thang-phap-mueang-thai-1943-p-028.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phap Mueang Thai (1943, p 028).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Phap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_028%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APhap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_028%29.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Office of the Prime Minister", "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file", "alt": "This picture is described as follows:\nOriginal caption: \"The use of elephants as vehicles for conveyance of military supplies and weaponry.\"", "date": "1943-07-14", "primary": false, "sha256": "40addec813939fc6546d471c7bdf02f569d7048e282ae21981569ed2cca59df8" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "thanon", "type": "word", "name": "ถนน thanon", "as": "The other word." } ] }, { "id": "thanon", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "ถนน thanon", "th": "ถนน", "rtgs": "thanon" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "ถนน thanon ← Khmer ថ្នល់ thnal, a raised road. The word for a made road, as against thang, a way.", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "The standard word, used in both registers. A thanon is built; a thang is only gone along." }, "text_th": { "what": "คำมาตรฐาน ใช้ทั้งสองสำเนียง ถนนคือสิ่งที่ถูกสร้าง ทางคือสิ่งที่แค่เดินไป" }, "word": { "th": "ถนน", "rtgs": "thanon", "ipa": "/tʰa.nǒn/", "standard": "ถนน", "standard_rtgs": "thanon", "gloss": "road, street", "gloss_th": "ถนน", "example": "ถนนท่าแพ", "example_gloss": "Thanon Tha Phae — Tha Phae Road" }, "kin": [ { "to": "thang", "as": "The other word.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "thanon/thanon-charoen-rajd-road-in-chiang-mai-1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Charoen Rajd Road in Chiang Mai 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Charoen_Rajd_Road_in_Chiang_Mai_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACharoen_Rajd_Road_in_Chiang_Mai_1.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Christophe95", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Charoen Rajd Road in Chiang Mai.", "date": "2018-09-06 15:25:11", "primary": true, "sha256": "ab6391f0899224cc034c2b62da745bc71d1b7671139151a82f1c9a87bb3f3e1d" }, { "file": "thanon/thanon-chiang-mai-chayiaphoom-road-0001.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai - Chayiaphoom Road - 0001.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Chiang_Mai_-_Chayiaphoom_Road_-_0001.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_-_Chayiaphoom_Road_-_0001.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Stefan Fussan", "credit": "Own work - My images are also available on MyPortfolio", "alt": "Chayiaphoom Road, Chiang Mai, Thailand", "date": "2014-05-23", "primary": false, "sha256": "da8f36cac4d4a928fc864b1ea99759bb54cef50768030f6bcdee45d94a3a84b7" }, { "file": "thanon/thanon-charoen-krung-road.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Charoen Krung Road.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Charoen_Krung_Road.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACharoen_Krung_Road.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "ดำรงราชานุภาพ, สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระยา. (๒๕๓๐). ความทรงจำของสมเด็จฯ กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ. กรุงเทพฯ: อมรินทร์ พริ้นติ้ง กรุ๊พ. (มูลนิธิสมเด็จฯ กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ และหม่อมเจ้าจงจิตรถนอม ดิศ", "alt": "Charoen Krung Road, taken in the reign of Chulalongkorn (reigned 1868–1910)", "date": "before 1910date QS:P,+1910-00-00T00:00:0", "primary": false, "sha256": "40f4a15b480c98959736223f3acd87e06db5aa8109d6444fe640bc8c395b63ed" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "map-1945", "type": "map", "name": "The 1945 city map", "as": "Its glossary defines it." }, { "from": "thang", "type": "word", "name": "ทาง thang", "as": "The other word." } ] }, { "id": "wiang", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "เวียง wiang", "th": "เวียง", "rtgs": "wiang" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "เวียง wiang — Tai root shared with Lao ວຽງ (Vientiane is Wiang Chan). Mueang is the polity; wiang is the fortified place inside it. 'Nai wiang', inside the wiang, is how the old city is said.", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "The word for the walled city, and the word this site uses for the square inside the moat. The rest of Chiang Mai is mueang; the square is wiang.\n\nThe 1945 city sheet labels the water KHU WIANG (Moat) on all four sides, which is this word doing its work on an official map: the square is the wiang, and the ditch belongs to it." }, "text_th": { "what": "คำสำหรับเมืองมีกำแพง และเป็นคำที่เว็บนี้ใช้เรียกสี่เหลี่ยมในคู เชียงใหม่ที่เหลือคือเมือง สี่เหลี่ยมคือเวียง\n\nแผ่นเมืองปี 2488 กำกับน้ำว่า KHU WIANG (Moat) ทั้งสี่ด้าน ซึ่งเป็นคำนี้ทำงานอยู่บนแผนที่ทางการ สี่เหลี่ยมคือเวียง และคูเป็นของมัน" }, "word": { "th": "เวียง", "rtgs": "wiang", "ipa": "/wiaŋ/", "standard": "เมือง (ที่มีกำแพง)", "standard_rtgs": "mueang", "gloss": "a walled town; the old city inside the moat", "gloss_th": "เมืองมีกำแพง เวียงในคู", "example": "ในเวียง", "example_gloss": "nai wiang — inside the walls" }, "kin": [ { "to": "the-moat", "as": "What surrounds it.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "map-1945", "as": "Where it is written.", "rel": "map" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai", "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "wiang/wiang-chiangmai-thaphae-gate.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiangmai Thaphae Gate.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Chiangmai_Thaphae_Gate.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiangmai_Thaphae_Gate.JPG", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Rinto Jiang", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Tha Phae Gate of Chiang Mai", "date": "2007-01-25", "primary": true, "sha256": "0750696de839a70c5591b041a9e77e6cb770f3c813690571c543f54b10e0e526" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "map-1945", "type": "map", "name": "The 1945 city map", "as": "And with this one." }, { "from": "chiang-mai-kam-mueang", "type": "word", "name": "เจียงใหม่ chiang mai", "as": "What chiang means." } ] }, { "id": "yaek", "type": "word", "names": { "name": "แยก yaek", "th": "แยก", "rtgs": "yaek" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "etymology": { "root": "แยก yaek — to separate. Si yaek is a crossroads, sam yaek a T. A junction is named after what stands beside it: Yaek Rincome after a hotel that closed, Yaek Sanam Bin after the airport.", "tier": "tradition" }, "text": { "what": "The junction. Chiang Mai directions run from yaek to yaek, and the names outlive the buildings." }, "text_th": { "what": "ทางแยก การบอกทางในเชียงใหม่วิ่งจากแยกถึงแยก และชื่อแยกอยู่นานกว่าตึก" }, "word": { "th": "แยก", "rtgs": "yaek", "ipa": "/jɛ̂ːk/", "standard": "ทางแยก", "standard_rtgs": "thang yaek", "gloss": "a junction; to branch", "gloss_th": "ทางแยก", "example": "แยกรินคำ", "example_gloss": "Yaek Rincome — the junction named for a hotel that is gone" }, "kin": [ { "to": "rincome-junction", "as": "The one named for a vanished hotel.", "rel": "junction" } ], "tags": [ "lanna" ], "sources": [ "s:moradok-lanna-dict", "s:wp-northern-thai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "yaek/yaek-intravarorot-road-sign.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Intravarorot road sign.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Intravarorot_road_sign.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AIntravarorot_road_sign.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Decorated Intravarorot road sign in Chiang Mai, Thailand", "date": "2017-10-15 09:54:38", "primary": true, "sha256": "77a60801b930b67284f930b989e6ad863757f5d986cf9552fea22f4c2d0bedfa" }, { "file": "yaek/yaek-chiang-mai-thailand-prohibitory-road-sign-01.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang-Mai Thailand Prohibitory-road-sign-01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Prohibitory-road-sign-01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang-Mai_Thailand_Prohibitory-road-sign-01.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chiang Mai, Thailand: A prohibitory road sign at Chiang Mai University", "date": "2017-04-19", "primary": false, "sha256": "5ab88e937da097d9c634e8762f48dc0d67bc59e441f5001a192a89995cd454d5" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "rincome-junction", "type": "junction", "name": "Rincome junction", "as": "The word, with this as the example." } ] }, { "id": "sunday-walking-street", "type": "story", "names": { "name": "The walking street, and how a road becomes a floor", "th": "ถนนคนเดิน และถนนกลายเป็นพื้นได้อย่างไร", "said": "Ten Sundays in 2002 as a pilot; every Sunday since; moved once for the cables.", "said_th": "สิบวันอาทิตย์ปี 2545 เป็นนำร่อง ทุกวันอาทิตย์ตั้งแต่นั้น ย้ายครั้งเดียวเพราะสายไฟ" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "text": { "what": "A pilot called Ten Wonders of Lanna at Tha Phae ran on Sundays from 3 February to 7 April 2002; the municipality took it over weekly from 14 April, 13:00 to 22:00; it moved to Ratchadamnoen on 31 August 2004 when Tha Phae's cables went underground; about 1.5 km, 15:00 to 22:00. The Saturday street on Wua Lai followed.", "story": "*Inference —* it is the reverse of every other item on this site: a road taken away from vehicles rather than built for them, and the most-visited kilometre in the province because of it. Ratchadamnoen's one-way order of 2021 extends the same idea to the other six days." }, "text_th": { "what": "โครงการนำร่อง 10 มหัศจรรย์ล้านนาที่ท่าแพ จัดวันอาทิตย์ 3 กุมภาพันธ์ถึง 7 เมษายน 2545 เทศบาลรับมาจัดทุกสัปดาห์ตั้งแต่ 14 เมษายน 13:00–22:00 ย้ายไปราชดำเนิน 31 สิงหาคม 2547 เมื่อสายไฟท่าแพลงดิน ราว 1.5 กม. 15:00–22:00 ถนนคนเดินวันเสาร์ที่วัวลายตามมา", "story": "*อนุมาน —* มันคือด้านกลับของทุกรายการบนเว็บนี้ ถนนที่ถูกเอาไปจากรถแทนที่จะสร้างเพื่อรถ และเป็นกิโลเมตรที่คนมาเยือนมากสุดในจังหวัดเพราะอย่างนั้น คำสั่งทางเดียวของราชดำเนินปี 2564 ขยายความคิดเดียวกันไปอีกหกวัน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ratchadamnoen-road", "as": "The road.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "tha-phae-gate", "as": "Where it starts.", "rel": "gate" }, { "to": "wua-lai-road", "as": "The Saturday one.", "rel": "road" } ], "tags": [ "walk", "market", "fun" ], "sources": [ "s:cmcity-8198", "s:cmnews-1651264" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:cmcity-8198" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "sunday-walking-street/sunday-walking-street-chiang-mai-sunday-evening-walking-street.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai sunday evening walking street.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Chiang_Mai_sunday_evening_walking_street.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_sunday_evening_walking_street.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Takeaway", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "The Sunday evening walking street is a market which is held in Chiang Mai on Rachadamnoen road, the main road through the old city which leads from Tapae gate to Wat Phra Singh, and its side streets. ", "date": "2010-02-28", "primary": true, "sha256": "06448d35c917606dbb148fa321d263c511aab206209be7da53db01742bbbc26e" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ratchadamnoen-road", "type": "road", "name": "Ratchadamnoen Road", "as": "Sundays." }, { "from": "tha-phae-road", "type": "road", "name": "Tha Phae Road", "as": "Began here in 2002." }, { "from": "tha-phae-gate", "type": "gate", "name": "Tha Phae Gate", "as": "Starts here." } ] }, { "id": "the-day-the-river-came-up-tha-phae", "type": "story", "names": { "name": "The day the river came up Tha Phae", "th": "วันที่แม่น้ำขึ้นมาถึงท่าแพ", "said": "5 October 2024, 5.30 m at noon, 604 cubic metres a second, and the busiest road in the north under water.", "said_th": "5 ตุลาคม 2567 5.30 เมตรตอนเที่ยง 604 ลูกบาศก์เมตรต่อวินาที และถนนตี้รถนักสุดของภาคเหนือจมน้ำ" }, "region": [ "city" ], "text": { "what": "The Ping's October 2024 flood as a list of roads. The gauge at Nawarat Bridge, P.1, bank level 3.70 m, read 4.93 on 26 September, 5.26 at eleven on the night of 4 October, and 5.30 at noon on the 5th, 1.10 m over the bank, the highest in fifty years by the newspapers and since the early 1970s by others. The irrigation department put the peak flow at 604 cubic metres a second and had it back to 3.70 by the morning of the 7th.", "story": "Under water, from the reports: Tha Phae Road from the bridge to the Krung Thai bank; Kaew Nawarat Road from the Nakhon Ping bridge to San Dek junction and the Arcade, for the first time in over fifty years; the Superhighway; the Don Chan and Chiang Kham overpasses; all of Mahidol Road, closed at the Pa Daet bridge U-turn in the first round on 28 September; Chang Klan, closed to small cars; lanes on the middle ring; Warorot and Ton Lamyai markets and the Night Bazaar, more than a kilometre from the river on the west bank; the railway station; Nong Prathip junction; the airport–cultural centre–Hai Ya stretch impassable for small cars by 13:40 on the 5th. Water stood about 2 km east of the river. The university's water centre calibrated 5,000 flood marks to the 5.30 m level afterwards.\n\n*Inference —* the founders built a kilometre from the bank because of exactly this, and the square stayed dry. Everything the twentieth century built on the floodplain between the moat and the river, and across it, went under. The city's busiest road is on the wrong side of a decision made in 1296." }, "text_th": { "what": "น้ำท่วมแม่ปิงตุลาคม 2567 ในรูปรายการถนน สถานีวัดน้ำสะพานนวรัฐ P.1 ระดับตลิ่ง 3.70 เมตร อ่านได้ 4.93 วันที่ 26 กันยายน 5.26 ตอนห้าทุ่มคืน 4 ตุลาคม และ 5.30 ตอนเที่ยงวันที่ 5 สูงกว่าตลิ่ง 1.10 เมตร สูงสุดในห้าสิบปีตามหนังสือพิมพ์ และตั้งแต่ต้นทศวรรษ 2510 ตามแหล่งอื่น กรมชลประทานให้อัตราไหลสูงสุด 604 ลูกบาศก์เมตรต่อวินาที และกลับลง 3.70 เช้าวันที่ 7", "story": "จมน้ำ ตามรายงาน ถนนท่าแพจากสะพานถึงธนาคารกรุงไทย ถนนแก้วนวรัฐจากสะพานนครพิงค์ถึงแยกสันเด็กและอาเขต ครั้งแรกในกว่าห้าสิบปี ซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ สะพานข้ามแยกดอนจั่นและเชียงคำ ถนนมหิดลทั้งสาย ปิดที่จุดกลับรถสะพานป่าแดดในรอบแรก 28 กันยายน ช้างคลาน ปิดรถเล็ก ช่องจราจรบนวงแหวนรอบกลาง กาดหลวงและกาดต้นลำไยและไนท์บาซาร์ ห่างแม่น้ำกว่าหนึ่งกิโลฝั่งตะวันตก สถานีรถไฟ แยกหนองประทีป ช่วงสนามบิน–ศูนย์วัฒนธรรม–หายยา รถเล็กผ่านบ่ได้ตั้งแต่ 13:40 วันที่ 5 น้ำแผ่ไปทางตะวันออกของแม่น้ำราว 2 กม. ศูนย์น้ำของมหาวิทยาลัยปรับหมุดน้ำท่วม 5,000 หมุดให้ตรงระดับ 5.30 เมตรหลังจากนั้น\n\n*อนุมาน —* ผู้สร้างเมืองสร้างห่างตลิ่งหนึ่งกิโลเพราะสิ่งนี้แหละ และสี่เหลี่ยมยังแห้ง ทุกอย่างที่ศตวรรษที่ยี่สิบสร้างบนที่ราบน้ำท่วมระหว่างคูกับแม่น้ำ และข้ามแม่น้ำ จมหมด ถนนที่รถนักสุดของเมืองอยู่ผิดฝั่งของการตัดสินใจที่ทำเมื่อปี 1839" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ping-river", "as": "The river.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "mahidol-road", "as": "Under water.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "tha-phae-road", "as": "Under water.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "nawarat-bridge", "as": "The gauge.", "rel": "bridge" }, { "to": "wiang-kum-kam", "as": "The precedent.", "rel": "place" } ], "tags": [ "flood" ], "sources": [ "s:lanner-flood", "s:thaipbs-344954", "s:thaipbs-344990", "s:prachatai-110951", "s:naewna-833570", "s:thairath-2816966", "s:cmu-flood-marks", "s:bkkbiz-1147937" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:lanner-flood" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "the-day-the-river-came-up-tha-phae/the-day-the-river-came-up-tha-phae-ping-river-in-chiang-mai-1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ping River in Chiang Mai 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Ping_River_in_Chiang_Mai_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APing_River_in_Chiang_Mai_1.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Christophe95", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "View of the Ping River from the Chansom Memorial Bridge in Chiang Mai.", "date": "2018-09-06 14:36:03", "primary": true, "sha256": "a749aba609d0f43d5c778e00d1e430c17dc9d6985446ee1250d170ea2681aea1" }, { "file": "the-day-the-river-came-up-tha-phae/the-day-the-river-came-up-tha-phae-flooding-on-the-road-north-from-bangkok-november-1964.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Flooding on the road north from Bangkok November 1964.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Flooding_on_the_road_north_from_Bangkok_November_1964.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AFlooding_on_the_road_north_from_Bangkok_November_1964.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Don Christie", "credit": "Scanned from original", "alt": "Floooding on the road north from Bangkok November 1964", "date": "1964-11-11", "primary": false, "sha256": "4fd9e8a5292158010a52e4ae98619fdd25a7751038f7f487f6e3256c320f197e" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ping-river", "type": "place", "name": "The Ping", "as": "The flood, told." } ] }, { "id": "the-monk-who-built-a-road", "type": "story", "names": { "name": "The monk who built a road in five months", "th": "ตนบุญผู้สร้างถนนในห้าเดือน", "said": "No department, no machine, no budget line: 11.53 km up a mountain by 30 April 1935.", "said_th": "บ่มีกรม บ่มีเครื่องจักร บ่มีงบ 11.53 กิโลขึ้นดอยภายใน 30 เมษายน 2478" }, "region": [ "city" ], "text": { "what": "Kruba Srivichai's road to Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, the one road in this catalogue that a congregation built. Ground broken 9 November 1934, Chao Kaew Nawarat cutting the first sod; open to vehicles 30 April 1935; five months and twenty-two days; 11.53 km of earth and laterite; up to 4,000 volunteers a day by one account.", "story": "*Inference —* the arithmetic is the story. 11,530 m in 173 days is 67 m of mountain road a day, every day, on a grade that the red trucks still take in low gear. The 700 Years Road, 26 km on the flat with seven underpasses, took twelve years and 10,070 million baht. Neither number shames the other; they measure different things. One is what a city can do when it wants a relic; the other is what it can do when it wants a ring.\n\nHis monument stands at the foot of the road at the spot where the first sod was cut, and the drivers wai it on the way up." }, "text_th": { "what": "ถนนของครูบาศรีวิชัยถึงวัดพระธาตุดอยสุเทพ ถนนสายเดียวในบัญชีนี้ที่ศรัทธาสร้าง เริ่มขุด 9 พฤศจิกายน 2477 เจ้าแก้วนวรัฐจกจอบแรก เปิดให้รถ 30 เมษายน 2478 ห้าเดือนยี่สิบสองวัน ดินและลูกรัง 11.53 กม. วันละถึง 4,000 คนตามบันทึกหนึ่ง", "story": "*อนุมาน —* เลขคณิตคือเรื่องเล่า 11,530 เมตรใน 173 วันคือถนนภูเขาวันละ 67 เมตร ทุกวัน บนความชันที่รถแดงยังใช้เกียร์ต่ำ ถนน 700 ปี 26 กม. บนที่ราบมีทางลอดเจ็ดแห่ง ใช้เวลาสิบสองปีและ 10,070 ล้านบาท เลขสองตัวบ่ได้ทำให้กันอาย มันวัดคนละอย่าง อันหนึ่งคือสิ่งที่เมืองทำได้เมื่ออยากไปถึงพระธาตุ อีกอันคือสิ่งที่ทำได้เมื่ออยากได้วงแหวน\n\nอนุสาวรีย์ของท่านยืนตีนถนนตรงจุดที่จกจอบแรก และคนขับไหว้ตอนขึ้น" }, "kin": [ { "to": "kruba-srivichai", "as": "The monk.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "si-wichai-road", "as": "The road.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "ring-2", "as": "The comparison.", "rel": "ring" } ], "tags": [ "wat", "heritage", "fun" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-si-wichai", "s:citylife-elephant", "s:thwp-700-years" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-si-wichai" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "the-monk-who-built-a-road/the-monk-who-built-a-road-anusawwaree-khrubasriwichai.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:AnuSawwaree Khrubasriwichai.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/AnuSawwaree_Khrubasriwichai.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AAnuSawwaree_Khrubasriwichai.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Kimtuy", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "อนุสาวรีย์ครูบาศรีวิชัย สร้างขึ้น ณ จุดที่ขุดถนนจอบแรก เพื่อเป็นอนุสรน์สถานรำลึกถึงคุณของครูบาเจ้าศรีวิชัยในการนำกลุ่มชาวบ้าน ชาวเขา สร้างถนนขึ้นพระธาตุดอยสุเทพ", "date": "2021-05-04", "primary": true, "sha256": "9259ab69a6f4cc226a7e56af8da0e9cf56cd49d1ee50ca4816f4be6716632611" } ], "kin_in": [] }, { "id": "the-trees-on-the-lamphun-road", "type": "story", "names": { "name": "The trees on the Lamphun road", "th": "ต้นยางบนถนนลำพูน", "said": "Planted for an emperor's commissioner, saved by a bypass, polled in 2020.", "said_th": "ปลูกโดยข้าหลวงของสยาม รอดเพราะทางเลี่ยง ทำโพลปี 2563" }, "region": [ "ring2" ], "text": { "what": "About a thousand yang-na along the old road south, from the Nawarat Bridge to the provincial line, ordered under Chao Phraya Surasi, Siam's high commissioner for the north. Thai PBS dates the planting 20 October 1882; Thai Wikipedia cites a telegram of 1900. The two dates are recorded and not reconciled.", "story": "Infill planting in 1954. A protected-environment zone 40 m each side since 2015. A storm in 2016 brought some down. A royal request not to cut them is on record. The Mae Jo poll of October 2020, 403 people: 54 percent no problem, 61 percent keep them, 4 percent remove them.\n\n*Inference —* the argument against the trees is that branches fall on traffic, and the argument for them is everything else. The traffic is there because the road is there; the road was the main road to Bangkok until 1969, and then it was not. A tree beside a bypassed road is the safest tree in the province. The question the poll did not ask is what the Superhighway did for the trees, and the answer is: everything." }, "text_th": { "what": "ยางนาราวพันต้นเลียบถนนเก่าลงใต้ จากสะพานนวรัฐถึงเขตจังหวัด ตามคำสั่งภายใต้เจ้าพระยาสุรสีห์ ข้าหลวงใหญ่ภาคเหนือของสยาม ไทยพีบีเอสให้วันปลูก 20 ตุลาคม 2425 วิกิพีเดียไทยอ้างโทรเลขปี 2443 สองวันที่บันทึกไว้และไม่ปรับให้ตรง", "story": "ปลูกซ่อมปี 2497 เขตคุ้มครองสิ่งแวดล้อม 40 เมตรสองข้างตั้งแต่ 2558 พายุปี 2559 โค่นไปบางต้น มีพระราชดำริขอไม่ให้ตัดบันทึกไว้ แม่โจ้โพลตุลาคม 2563 403 คน ร้อยละ 54 บ่เป็นปัญหา ร้อยละ 61 เก็บไว้ ร้อยละ 4 เอาออก\n\n*อนุมาน —* ข้อโต้แย้งต่อต้นยางคือกิ่งหล่นใส่รถ และข้อโต้แย้งเพื่อต้นยางคือทุกอย่างที่เหลือ รถอยู่ตรงนั้นเพราะถนนอยู่ตรงนั้น ถนนเคยเป็นถนนหลักไปกรุงเทพฯ จนถึง 2512 แล้วบ่ใช่อีก ต้นไม้ข้างถนนที่ถูกเลี่ยงคือต้นไม้ที่ปลอดภัยที่สุดในจังหวัด คำถามที่โพลบ่ถามคือซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ทำอะไรให้ต้นยาง และคำตอบคือ ทุกอย่าง" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ton-yang-road", "as": "The road.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "phraya-surasi", "as": "The commissioner.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "route-11", "as": "The bypass.", "rel": "highway" } ], "tags": [ "trees", "controversy" ], "sources": [ "s:thaipbs-308334", "s:thwp-106", "s:mgr-9630000112206", "s:cmu-thesis-2548" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thaipbs-308334" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" }, "text.story": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "the-trees-on-the-lamphun-road/the-trees-on-the-lamphun-road-hoge-bomen-langs-weg-106-p1160022.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Hoge bomen langs weg 106 P1160022.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Hoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P1160022.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P1160022.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "FredTC", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Het gedeelte van de Noord-Thaise weg 106 dat tussen Chiang Mai en Lamphun loopt, wordt ook wel de \"oude Chiang Mai - Lamphun weg\" genoemd. Het gedeelte daarvan dat in de provincie Chiang Mai ligt, hee", "date": "2013-02-24 15:11:41", "primary": true, "sha256": "f6165923a61ac8d423a3a1d7eec315fa5736afa02915058305e4f736d2cefb20" }, { "file": "the-trees-on-the-lamphun-road/the-trees-on-the-lamphun-road-hoge-bomen-langs-weg-106-p1160025.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Hoge bomen langs weg 106 P1160025.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Hoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P1160025.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P1160025.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "FredTC", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Het gedeelte van de Noord-Thaise weg 106 dat tussen Chiang Mai en Lamphun loopt, wordt ook wel de \"oude Chiang Mai - Lamphun weg\" genoemd. Het gedeelte daarvan dat in de provincie Chiang Mai ligt, hee", "date": "2013-02-24 15:12:33", "primary": false, "sha256": "c3530650012ae52199fc16f144f401a2776cba0e0931c5a5bd86529cc9a0b0be" }, { "file": "the-trees-on-the-lamphun-road/the-trees-on-the-lamphun-road-hoge-bomen-langs-weg-106-p-20161219-b.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Hoge bomen langs weg 106 P 20161219 b.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Hoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P_20161219_b.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHoge_bomen_langs_weg_106_P_20161219_b.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "FredTC", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Het gedeelte van de Noord-Thaise weg 106 dat tussen Chiang Mai en Lamphun loopt, wordt ook wel de \"oude Chiang Mai - Lamphun weg\" genoemd. Het gedeelte daarvan dat in de provincie Chiang Mai ligt, hee", "date": "2016-12-19 16:13:15", "primary": false, "sha256": "a34303d8bb7fc70a1e84388573c2561d458fc420753d78d2bb3be080c14ed87c" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ton-yang-road", "type": "road", "name": "The Yang Tree Road, Chiang Mai to Lamphun", "as": "The long version." }, { "from": "map-ams-saraphi", "type": "map", "name": "The Army Map Service sheet, Ban Saraphi", "as": "The trees." } ] }, { "id": "what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city", "type": "story", "names": { "name": "What a road does to an old city", "th": "ถนนทำอะไรกับเมืองเก่า", "said": "Measured, not argued: the square of 1296 against the rings around it.", "said_th": "วัด บ่ใช่เถียง สี่เหลี่ยมปี 1839 เทียบวงแหวนรอบมัน" }, "region": [ "city" ], "text": { "what": "The site's spine. It takes every drivable way OpenStreetMap holds for the city and asks the same questions of the square inside the moat and of each ring outside it: how many intersections per square kilometre, how many lanes end in a dead end, how long a block is, how strongly the streets keep to a grid, how much of the network runs one way, how many wats sit in each zone. The measurements page has the numbers; this page reads them.", "story": "**The square is the best-connected neighbourhood in the city, and it is the oldest.** The grid of 1296 was laid gate to gate on the cardinal directions, and seven centuries of infill have kept to it: the orientation measure on the measurements page shows the moat zone closest to a perfect grid of any zone, and the intersection density highest. A lane inside the moat comes out somewhere. Outside, in the rings, it does not: the dead-end share climbs ring by ring, because a hom out there is a shared driveway that stops at the last house.\n\n**Each ring was an edge that became a middle.** The Superhighway of 1969 was a bypass; the 700 Years Road of 2006 was a bypass; Route 121 was a bypass. The city grew past each in ten to fifteen years, and the bypass became a street with traffic lights, which the department then spent a decade digging under. Seven underpasses on ring two; three on ring one; five interchanges under tender on ring three. The pattern is not a failure of planning. It is what a ring road is for, and what it costs later.\n\n**The old city paid in walls.** 1910–15: Chang Moi Gate and its bank removed for a straight road to the river. 1948: the moat roads built and stretches of a registered monument demolished. The square that had been a fortification became a roundabout. Since then the direction has reversed: a 12 m height cap, a walking street from 2002, Ratchadamnoen one-way for pedestrians from 2021, a world-heritage nomination in 2026 whose file flags a tunnel under the old town as a conflict.\n\n**The roads grew by two thirds; the vehicles doubled.** The thesis this rests on counted main-road kilometres from 36.5 to 60.3 between 1992 and 2003 and registered vehicles from 465,659 to 933,733. Mahidol Road, built as a two-lane bypass in 1972, counted 121,403 vehicles a day in 2025. Every road in this catalogue was built to relieve the one before it.\n\n**And the trees are the exception.** The yang-na on the Lamphun road are alive partly because the Superhighway took the Bangkok traffic off them in 1969. One new road did an old one a favour; it is the only case here.\n\n*Inference —* the whole page is inference from counted things, and the counts are printed beside it with the method." }, "text_th": { "what": "กระดูกสันหลังของเว็บ มันเอาทุกทางที่รถวิ่งได้ที่ OpenStreetMap มีสำหรับเมือง แล้วถามคำถามเดียวกันกับสี่เหลี่ยมในคูและแต่ละวงแหวนข้างนอก แยกกี่แห่งต่อตารางกิโลเมตร ฮ่อมกี่สายจบด้วยทางตัน บล็อกยาวเท่าไร ถนนยึดตารางแค่ไหน โครงข่ายวิ่งทางเดียวกี่ส่วน วัดกี่วัดในแต่ละโซน หน้าการวัดมีตัวเลข หน้านี้อ่านมัน", "story": "**เวียงคือย่านที่เชื่อมกันดีที่สุดในเมือง และเก่าที่สุด** ตารางปี 1839 วางจากประตูถึงประตูตามทิศหลัก และการเติมเจ็ดศตวรรษยังยึดมันไว้ ค่าการวางแนวบนหน้าการวัดแสดงว่าโซนในคูใกล้ตารางสมบูรณ์ที่สุดในทุกโซน และความหนาแน่นของแยกสูงสุด ฮ่อมในเวียงทะลุออกที่ไหนสักแห่ง ข้างนอกในวงแหวน มันบ่ทะลุ สัดส่วนทางตันไต่ขึ้นทีละวง เพราะฮ่อมข้างนอกคือทางเข้าบ้านที่ใช้ร่วมกันและหยุดที่บ้านหลังสุดท้าย\n\n**แต่ละวงแหวนคือขอบที่กลายเป็นกลาง** ซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ปี 2512 คือทางเลี่ยง ถนน 700 ปี ปี 2549 คือทางเลี่ยง ทางหลวง 121 คือทางเลี่ยง เมืองโตข้ามแต่ละวงในสิบถึงสิบห้าปี และทางเลี่ยงกลายเป็นถนนมีไฟแดง ซึ่งกรมใช้เวลาอีกทศวรรษขุดลอด ทางลอดเจ็ดแห่งบนวงสอง สามแห่งบนวงหนึ่ง ทางแยกต่างระดับห้าแห่งประมูลบนวงสาม แบบแผนนี้บ่ใช่ความล้มเหลวของการวางแผน มันคือสิ่งที่ถนนวงแหวนมีไว้ทำ และสิ่งที่มันคิดราคาทีหลัง\n\n**เวียงเก่าจ่ายด้วยกำแพง** 2453–58 ประตูช้างม่อยและคันดินถูกรื้อเพื่อถนนตรงไปแม่น้ำ 2491 ถนนรอบคูสร้าง และโบราณสถานที่ขึ้นทะเบียนแล้วถูกรื้อเป็นช่วง ๆ สี่เหลี่ยมที่เคยเป็นป้อมกลายเป็นวงเวียน ตั้งแต่นั้นทิศทางกลับข้าง เพดานสูง 12 เมตร ถนนคนเดินตั้งแต่ 2545 ราชดำเนินทางเดียวเพื่อคนเดินตั้งแต่ 2564 การเสนอมรดกโลกปี 2569 ที่เอกสารติงอุโมงค์ใต้เวียงเก่าว่าขัดแย้ง\n\n**ถนนโตสองในสาม รถโตสองเท่า** วิทยานิพนธ์ที่เรื่องนี้อิงนับกิโลเมตรถนนหลักจาก 36.5 เป็น 60.3 ระหว่าง 2535–2546 และรถจดทะเบียนจาก 465,659 เป็น 933,733 ถนนมหิดล สร้างเป็นทางเลี่ยงสองเลนปี 2515 นับได้ 121,403 คันต่อวันปี 2568 ถนนทุกสายในบัญชีนี้สร้างเพื่อแบ่งเบาสายก่อนหน้า\n\n**และต้นยางคือข้อยกเว้น** ยางนาบนถนนลำพูนยังอยู่ส่วนหนึ่งเพราะซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์เอารถกรุงเทพฯ ออกไปปี 2512 ถนนใหม่สายหนึ่งทำคุณกับสายเก่า เป็นกรณีเดียวที่นี่\n\n*อนุมาน —* ทั้งหน้าคือการอนุมานจากสิ่งที่นับ และตัวเลขพิมพ์ไว้ข้าง ๆ พร้อมวิธี" }, "kin": [ { "to": "grid-in-the-moat", "as": "The grid number.", "rel": "measure" }, { "to": "dead-ends", "as": "The dead-end number.", "rel": "measure" }, { "to": "intersection-density", "as": "The density number.", "rel": "measure" }, { "to": "roads-versus-vehicles", "as": "The thesis number.", "rel": "traffic" }, { "to": "ton-yang-road", "as": "The exception.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "era-siam-1900-1950", "as": "When the walls went.", "rel": "era" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:osm", "s:boeing-2019", "s:cmu-thesis-2548", "s:cmocity-history", "s:thwp-chang-moi", "s:doh-aadt", "s:citylife-unesco" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "inference", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city/what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city-chiang-mai-1945.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai 1945.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Chiang_Mai_1945.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_1945.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Survey of India Offices", "credit": "University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries - https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/6966/rec/1", "alt": "Old map of Chiang Mai (Thailand) in 1945. Printed at the Survey of India Offices. Size: 57 x 87 cm. Scale: \t\n1:5,000. Repository: American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwauk", "date": "1945", "primary": true, "sha256": "b14a43683b9d987707671b08167af41aa288154c088f035fcf2e592c0021f7bb" }, { "file": "what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city/what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city-chiang-mai-city-map-for-inthawichayanon-1893.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai City Map for Inthawichayanon 1893.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Chiang_Mai_City_Map_for_Inthawichayanon_1893.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_City_Map_for_Inthawichayanon_1893.png", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "The Fine Arts Office, Chiang Mai", "alt": "Historic map of Chiang Mai city for King Inthawichayanon (1817-1897), dated 1893. The city was protected by an inner wall (brick wall), an outer wall (earth wall), 2 moats and multiple city gates. Eac", "date": "1893", "primary": false, "sha256": "1513b50b74300e399cde6cb60deb16f943758d299834c4ca803063a8b3cea523" }, { "file": "what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city/what-a-road-does-to-an-old-city-map-of-chiengmai-chiang-mai-city-1931.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Map of Chiengmai (Chiang Mai) City 1931.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Map_of_Chiengmai_%28Chiang_Mai%29_City_1931.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMap_of_Chiengmai_%28Chiang_Mai%29_City_1931.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "Old Maps Online (stored at the British Library) - https://www.oldmapsonline.org/en/maps/b84b50de-cdf9-5c61-9d88-a76fcd5a8464?year=1850&gid=b3777b75-7966-559f-85d0-b1b1aaa602d3#position=16.6004/18.", "alt": "Map of Chiengmai (Chiang Mai) city, 1931. This is the capital of Chiang Mai province. The top left stamp says: \"Royal Insurance Company Limited, 26 October 1931 Liverpool.\"", "date": "1931", "primary": false, "sha256": "346570ec642923738f47849e7c652c5cc04384285b4766edd918613345d1bbb1" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "map-1945", "type": "map", "name": "The 1945 city map", "as": "The argument." }, { "from": "grid-in-the-moat", "type": "measure", "name": "The grid score, zone by zone", "as": "Where the number is argued." }, { "from": "roads-versus-vehicles", "type": "traffic", "name": "Roads versus vehicles, 1992 to 2003", "as": "Where the number is used." } ] }, { "id": "what-we-did-not-do", "type": "story", "names": { "name": "What this site does not have", "th": "สิ่งที่เว็บนี้บ่มี", "said": "A list, so nobody has to guess.", "said_th": "รายการ เปื้อบ่ต้องมีใผเดา" }, "region": [ "city" ], "text": { "what": "No live traffic. No accident locations by road: nobody publishes them for these roads, so the deaths page is by province and year. No registered-vehicle count for the province: the land transport department's table sits behind a form this project could not read, and the figure on the traffic page is from a 2005 thesis. No year for the moat's one-way system, no length for the earthen wall, no opening years for the airport and Nong Hoi underpasses, no count of sois from the municipality. No bus timetable; the songthaew has none. No motorway that exists.\n\nNo photographs of the thing this site is about. Wikimedia Commons has the moat from every angle, all five gates, all four corners and the 1893, 1931 and 1945 maps, and it has almost nothing of the Superhighway, the ring roads, the underpasses, Mahidol Road or the light rail. Searches for each returned zero free files. The old city is photographed as heritage; the roads that carry the city are photographed by nobody.", "story": "Everything above is a gap in what was found, not a claim that it does not exist. The disk is a subset of the world." }, "text_th": { "what": "บ่มีจราจรสด บ่มีจุดเกิดอุบัติเหตุรายถนน บ่มีใครเผยแพร่สำหรับถนนเหล่านี้ หน้าผู้เสียชีวิตจึงเป็นรายจังหวัดรายปี บ่มีจำนวนรถจดทะเบียนของจังหวัด ตารางของกรมการขนส่งอยู่หลังฟอร์มที่โครงการนี้อ่านบ่ได้ และตัวเลขบนหน้าจราจรมาจากวิทยานิพนธ์ปี 2548 บ่มีปีของระบบทางเดียวรอบคู บ่มีความยาวกำแพงดิน บ่มีปีเปิดทางลอดสนามบินและหนองหอย บ่มีจำนวนซอยจากเทศบาล บ่มีตารางรถเมล์ รถแดงบ่มีตาราง บ่มีมอเตอร์เวย์ที่มีอยู่จริง\n\nไม่มีรูปของสิ่งที่เว็บนี้พูดถึง วิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์มีคูเมืองทุกมุม ห้าประตูครบ สี่แจ่งครบ และแผนที่ปี 2436 2474 และ 2488 แต่แทบไม่มีซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ ถนนวงแหวน ทางลอด ถนนมหิดล หรือรถไฟฟ้าเลย ค้นแต่ละอย่างแล้วได้ไฟล์เสรีศูนย์ไฟล์ เวียงเก่าถูกถ่ายในฐานะมรดก ถนนที่แบกเมืองไม่มีใครถ่าย", "story": "ทุกอย่างข้างบนคือช่องว่างในสิ่งที่หาเจอ บ่ใช่คำอ้างว่ามันบ่มี แผ่นนี้คือส่วนย่อยของโลก" }, "kin": [ { "to": "road-deaths", "as": "By province, not by road.", "rel": "traffic" }, { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "No year for the one-way.", "rel": "ring" } ], "sources": [ "s:osm" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "inference", "source": "s:osm" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "what-we-did-not-do/what-we-did-not-do-police-hut-in-thailand-2013-2394.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Police Hut in Thailand 2013 2394.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Police_Hut_in_Thailand_2013_2394.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APolice_Hut_in_Thailand_2013_2394.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "User:Amada44", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "a police hut with a police helmet as a roof", "date": "2013-07-25 08:34:19", "primary": true, "sha256": "824be51b67ee2e15672db87b60f993ffe46d15e39f63f057b01a0e3c1affe94f" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "road-deaths", "type": "traffic", "name": "Road deaths, by province and year", "as": "No locations by road." }, { "from": "roads-versus-vehicles", "type": "traffic", "name": "Roads versus vehicles, 1992 to 2003", "as": "No current registration figure." } ] }, { "id": "why-the-moat-runs-one-way", "type": "story", "names": { "name": "Why the moat runs one way", "th": "ทำไมรอบคูเมืองวิ่งทางเดียว", "said": "Outer bank clockwise, inner counter, and a missed turn costs 6.54 km.", "said_th": "ฝั่งนอกตามเข็ม ฝั่งในทวน และเลี้ยวพลาดเสีย 6.54 กิโล" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "text": { "what": "The pair of roads the municipality built on the moat's banks in 1948 run as two one-way loops in opposite directions. The year the one-way system began is not on this disk; the fact of it is on Thai Wikipedia and on every windscreen in the city.", "story": "*Inference —* a moat 13 m wide with a road on each bank cannot carry two-way traffic on either without a lane of parking going, and the banks are where the city parks. One-way doubled the capacity of both roads for the price of some U-turns at the corners. The corners are the four chaeng, and the U-turn slots there are the busiest fifty metres of road in the old city.\n\n*Inference —* the cost is paid by anyone who does not know the square. A visitor aiming for Tha Phae Gate from the inside and missing the cut through drives to Katam Corner, round the south, up the west, along the north, and arrives 5 km later at the place they could see when they left. The measurements page's one-way share for the moat zone is the number that describes this.\n\nThe walkable-district pilot of 2021 made Ratchadamnoen one-way inside the square too, which is the same logic applied for the opposite reason: not to move cars faster but to make room for people." }, "text_th": { "what": "ถนนคู่ที่เทศบาลสร้างบนตลิ่งคูปี 2491 วิ่งเป็นวงทางเดียวสองวงสวนทางกัน ปีที่ระบบทางเดียวเริ่มบ่มีในแผ่นนี้ ข้อเท็จจริงของมันอยู่ในวิกิพีเดียไทยและบนกระจกหน้ารถทุกคันในเมือง", "story": "*อนุมาน —* คูกว้าง 13 เมตรมีถนนแต่ละฝั่งรับรถสวนกันบ่ได้โดยไม่เสียช่องจอด และตลิ่งคือตี้เมืองจอดรถ ทางเดียวเพิ่มความจุถนนทั้งสองเป็นสองเท่าแลกกับการกลับรถที่แจ่ง แจ่งคือสี่มุม และช่องกลับรถตรงนั้นคือห้าสิบเมตรของถนนที่วุ่นวายที่สุดในเวียงเก่า\n\n*อนุมาน —* ราคาจ่ายโดยใครก็ตามที่บ่ฮู้จักสี่เหลี่ยม คนมาใหม่ที่เล็งประตูท่าแพจากข้างในและพลาดช่องตัดผ่าน ขับไปแจ่งก๊ะต๊ำ อ้อมใต้ ขึ้นตะวันตก เลียบเหนือ และมาถึงอีก 5 กิโลต่อมาที่ตี้ที่เขาเห็นตอนออกตัว สัดส่วนทางเดียวของโซนในคูบนหน้าการวัดคือตัวเลขที่บรรยายสิ่งนี้\n\nโครงการนำร่องย่านเดินได้ปี 2564 ทำราชดำเนินในเวียงเป็นทางเดียวด้วย ซึ่งเป็นตรรกะเดียวกันด้วยเหตุผลตรงข้าม บ่ใช่เพื่อให้รถเร็วขึ้น แต่เพื่อให้ที่แก่คน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "The loop.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "ratchadamnoen-road", "as": "The inside one-way.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "katam-corner", "as": "Where the missed turn is paid for.", "rel": "gate" }, { "to": "one-way-share", "as": "The number.", "rel": "measure" } ], "tags": [ "one-way", "fun" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-moat", "s:cmnews-1651264", "s:cmocity-history" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "inference", "source": "s:thwp-moat" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "why-the-moat-runs-one-way/why-the-moat-runs-one-way-201703291143a-p-chiang-mai-city-moat.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291143a P Chiang Mai, City Moat.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/201703291143a_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291143a_P_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "City moat of Chiang Mai between Chang Phuak Gate and Sri Phum Corner", "date": "2017-03-29 11:43:03", "primary": true, "sha256": "23fb8d65a72db27909fd1ec7c6b03e93ef24a69cd02da3df8180fa3e6bee4a9c" }, { "file": "why-the-moat-runs-one-way/why-the-moat-runs-one-way-chiang-mai-moat-and-road.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai Moat and Road.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Chiang_Mai_Moat_and_Road.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_Moat_and_Road.jpg", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "author": "Douglas Perkins", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "The moat of Chiang Mai during the day. A road is on the left, and the moat is on the right. This picture was taken on the north side of the city center. Thailand.", "date": "2014-12-26 10:51:47", "primary": false, "sha256": "065628ce8a62dd68f926bddabdd43e4ed02f785cda8f4a01d3d046d476b39cce" }, { "file": "why-the-moat-runs-one-way/why-the-moat-runs-one-way-moat-in-chiang-mai.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Moat in Chiang Mai.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Moat_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMoat_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Christophe95", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Moat in the east of Chiang Mai.", "date": "2018-09-06 12:28:21", "primary": false, "sha256": "7135a8e2f4e8f3d93665e462c03a43a57a3b8cb7aeb55db101b3a53ad8228fc3" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "moat-loop", "type": "ring", "name": "The moat loop", "as": "The argument." }, { "from": "one-way-share", "type": "measure", "name": "How much of the road runs one way", "as": "The argument." } ] }, { "id": "chao-kaew-nawarat", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Chao Kaew Nawarat", "th": "เจ้าแก้วนวรัฐ", "rtgs": "Chao Kaeo Nawarat", "said": "The last ruler, and the bridge is named after him.", "said_th": "เจ้าหลวงองค์สุดท้าย และขัวได้ชื่อท่าน" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "text": { "what": "Ninth and last ruler of Chiang Mai, 1911–1939. He cut the first sod of the Doi Suthep road in 1934, and the Ping bridge at the foot of Tha Phae Road carries his name: a teak bridge from about 1890, a steel one opened 1923 after the wooden one burned, and the present concrete one opened 26 December 1967." }, "text_th": { "what": "เจ้าผู้ครองเชียงใหม่องค์ที่เก้าและองค์สุดท้าย 2454–2482 ท่านจกจอบแรกของถนนขึ้นดอยสุเทพปี 2477 และขัวข้ามแม่ปิงตีนถนนท่าแพใช้ชื่อท่าน ขัวไม้สักราวปี 2433 ขัวเหล็กเปิด 2466 หลังขัวไม้ไหม้ และขัวคอนกรีตปัจจุบันเปิด 26 ธันวาคม 2510" }, "kin": [ { "to": "nawarat-bridge", "as": "Named for him.", "rel": "bridge" }, { "to": "si-wichai-road", "as": "He broke its ground.", "rel": "road" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-nawarat", "s:thwp-si-wichai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-nawarat" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "chao-kaew-nawarat/chao-kaew-nawarat-navarat-bridge-chiangmai-1954.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:สะพานนวรัตน์ เชียงใหม่ Navarat Bridge Chiangmai 1954.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88_Navarat_Bridge_Chiangmai_1954.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88_Navarat_Bridge_Chiangmai_1954.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Photography Section, Public Relations Department / Thailand Illustrated", "credit": "Thailand Illustrates (September 1954 Issue); retrieved from digital scans by National Library of Thailand", "alt": "Navarat Bridge in 1954", "date": "circa 1954date QS:P,+1954-00-00T00:00:00", "primary": true, "sha256": "fab3fd58fd8987a673f518378127dbfbcec0cfe8c6f295b72667a86c9de175ac" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "nawarat-bridge", "type": "bridge", "name": "Nawarat Bridge", "as": "Who it is named for." } ] }, { "id": "kawila", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Kawila", "th": "พระเจ้ากาวิละ", "rtgs": "Phra Chao Kawila", "said": "Re-peopled an empty city and re-dug its moat, 1796.", "said_th": "เอาคนกลับมาใส่เวียงฮ้าง แล้วขุดคูแหม ปี 2339" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "text": { "what": "First ruler of Chiang Mai under Siam. The city had stood nearly empty for two decades after the Burmese wars; he re-entered it in 1796, restored the walls and moat, and added the corner bastions in the form they have now. The gates and corners a driver turns at today are largely his." }, "text_th": { "what": "เจ้าผู้ครองเชียงใหม่องค์แรกภายใต้สยาม เมืองร้างเกือบยี่สิบปีหลังสงครามพม่า ท่านกลับเข้าเวียงปี 2339 บูรณะกำแพงและคู และเพิ่มแจ่งในรูปที่เป็นอยู่ตอนนี้ ประตูและแจ่งที่คนขับรถเลี้ยวผ่านวันนี้ส่วนใหญ่เป็นของท่าน" }, "kin": [ { "to": "the-moat", "as": "What he restored.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "era-kawila-1796-1900", "as": "His era.", "rel": "era" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:wp-kawila", "s:onep-278" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-kawila" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "wua-lai-road", "type": "road", "name": "Wua Lai Road", "as": "Whose resettlement gave it its craft." }, { "from": "era-kawila-1796-1900", "type": "era", "name": "1796–1900 — Kawila's rebuilding", "as": "The ruler." } ] }, { "id": "kruba-srivichai", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Kruba Srivichai", "th": "ครูบาศรีวิชัย", "rtgs": "Khruba Siwichai", "aliases": [ "Khruba Srivichai", "ครูบาเจ้าศรีวิชัย" ], "said": "Built eleven and a half kilometres of mountain road in five months and twenty-two days, with no machine.", "said_th": "สร้างทางขึ้นดอยสิบเอ็ดกิโลครึ่งในห้าเดือนยี่สิบสองวัน บ่มีเครื่องจักร" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "text": { "what": "The monk of Lanna, 1878–1938, who organised the road up Doi Suthep. Ground was broken on 9 November 1934, Chao Kaew Nawarat cutting the first sod, and the road opened to vehicles on 30 April 1935: 11.53 km of earth and laterite, by volunteers, as many as 4,000 a day by one account.", "story": "*Inference —* it is the only road in this catalogue built by a congregation rather than a department, and it is the one the city is proudest of. His statue stands at its foot and the drivers of the red trucks still wai it on the way up." }, "text_th": { "what": "ตนบุญแห่งล้านนา 2421–2481 ผู้จัดการสร้างทางขึ้นดอยสุเทพ เริ่มขุดวันที่ 9 พฤศจิกายน 2477 เจ้าแก้วนวรัฐจกจอบแรก และเปิดให้รถขึ้นวันที่ 30 เมษายน 2478 ดินและลูกรัง 11.53 กม. ด้วยแรงศรัทธา วันละถึง 4,000 คนตามบันทึกหนึ่ง", "story": "*อนุมาน —* เป็นถนนสายเดียวในบัญชีนี้ที่ศรัทธาสร้าง บ่ใช่กรม และเป็นสายที่เมืองภูมิใจที่สุด อนุสาวรีย์ของท่านยืนอยู่ตีนดอย และคนขับรถแดงยังไหว้ตอนขึ้น" }, "kin": [ { "to": "si-wichai-road", "as": "The road.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "era-monks-road-1935", "as": "The era named for it.", "rel": "era" } ], "tags": [ "heritage", "wat" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-si-wichai", "s:thwp-srivichai", "s:citylife-elephant" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-si-wichai" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "kruba-srivichai/kruba-srivichai-anusawwaree-khrubasriwichai.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:AnuSawwaree Khrubasriwichai.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/AnuSawwaree_Khrubasriwichai.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AAnuSawwaree_Khrubasriwichai.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Kimtuy", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "อนุสาวรีย์ครูบาศรีวิชัย สร้างขึ้น ณ จุดที่ขุดถนนจอบแรก เพื่อเป็นอนุสรน์สถานรำลึกถึงคุณของครูบาเจ้าศรีวิชัยในการนำกลุ่มชาวบ้าน ชาวเขา สร้างถนนขึ้นพระธาตุดอยสุเทพ", "date": "2021-05-04", "primary": true, "sha256": "9259ab69a6f4cc226a7e56af8da0e9cf56cd49d1ee50ca4816f4be6716632611" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "si-wichai-road", "type": "road", "name": "Si Wichai Road, the road up Doi Suthep", "as": "Who built it." }, { "from": "era-monks-road-1935", "type": "era", "name": "1935 — the monk's road", "as": "The monk." }, { "from": "map-railways-1934", "type": "map", "name": "The Royal State Railways map, 1934", "as": "The same year." }, { "from": "the-monk-who-built-a-road", "type": "story", "name": "The monk who built a road in five months", "as": "The monk." } ] }, { "id": "mangrai", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Mangrai", "th": "พญามังราย", "rtgs": "Phaya Mangrai", "aliases": [ "King Mengrai", "พ่อขุนเม็งราย" ], "said": "Drew a square in 1296 and every road since has had to deal with it.", "said_th": "ขีดสี่เหลี่ยมไว้ปี 1839 แล้วถนนทุกสายตั้งแต่นั้นต้องมาว่ากับมัน" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "text": { "what": "Founder of Chiang Mai, 1296, and of the Lanna kingdom. He had already built Wiang Kum Kam on the river and watched it flood; the new city went on the rise between the mountain and the Ping, a square with a gate in each side and the water led round it." }, "text_th": { "what": "ผู้สร้างเชียงใหม่ปี 1839 และอาณาจักรล้านนา ท่านสร้างเวียงกุมกามบนแม่น้ำมาก่อนและเห็นมันท่วม เมืองใหม่จึงไปอยู่บนที่ดอนระหว่างดอยกับแม่ปิง เป็นสี่เหลี่ยมมีประตูทุกด้าน และชักน้ำล้อมรอบ" }, "kin": [ { "to": "the-moat", "as": "What he dug.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "era-1296-the-square", "as": "His era.", "rel": "era" }, { "to": "wiang-kum-kam", "as": "His first try.", "rel": "place" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:wp-mangrai", "s:thwp-moat" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-mangrai" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "mangrai/mangrai-king-mangrai-monument-october-2021-img-01.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:King Mangrai Monument อนุสาวรีย์พ่อขุนมังราย ห้าแยกพ่อขุนฯ (October 2021) - img 01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/King_Mangrai_Monument_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AF_%28October_2021%29_-_img_01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AKing_Mangrai_Monument_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AF_%28October_2021%29_-_img_01.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Chainwit.", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "King Mangrai (Mengrai) Monument at Pho Khun intersection, Chiang Rai", "date": "2021-10-26 09:24:00", "primary": true, "sha256": "04ad8a99bd85e71a45708e97c0780074a824fc8db98dca3a3fcd736759e5f084" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "era-1296-the-square", "type": "era", "name": "1296 — the square", "as": "The king." }, { "from": "wiang-kum-kam", "type": "place", "name": "Wiang Kum Kam", "as": "Who built it." } ] }, { "id": "nimmanhaemin-family", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "The Nimmanhaemin family", "th": "ตระกูลนิมมานเหมินท์", "rtgs": "Nimmanhemin", "said": "Ki and Kim Ho gave the land. Kraisri wrote the books. The road is the family's, not the scholar's.", "said_th": "กี กับ กิมฮ้อ หื้อที่ดิน ไกรศรีเขียนหนังสือ ถนนเป็นของตระกูล บ่ใช่ของนักปราชญ์" }, "region": [ "city" ], "text": { "what": "A Chiang Mai merchant family. Ki and Kim Ho Nimmanhaemin gave land to the government for the university in 1963, and the road on the edge of the gift took the family name. It is often credited to Kraisri Nimmanahaeminda, the scholar and banker of the same family; the road is older than his fame and belongs to his parents' generation." }, "text_th": { "what": "ตระกูลพ่อค้าเชียงใหม่ กี และ กิมฮ้อ นิมมานเหมินท์ มอบที่ดินให้รัฐบาลสร้างมหาวิทยาลัยปี 2506 และถนนบนขอบที่ดินได้ชื่อตระกูล มักถูกยกให้ไกรศรี นิมมานเหมินท์ นักปราชญ์และนายธนาคารตระกูลเดียวกัน ถนนเก่ากว่าชื่อเสียงของท่าน และเป็นของรุ่นพ่อแม่" }, "kin": [ { "to": "nimmanhaemin-road", "as": "The road.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "chiang-mai-university", "as": "What the land became.", "rel": "place" } ], "tags": [ "university" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-nimman", "s:wp-kraisri" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-nimman" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "nimmanhaemin-road", "type": "road", "name": "Nimmanhaemin Road", "as": "Who gave the land." }, { "from": "chiang-mai-university", "type": "place", "name": "Chiang Mai University", "as": "Who gave the land." } ] }, { "id": "phraya-surasi", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Chao Phraya Surasi Wisitsak", "th": "เจ้าพระยาสุรสีห์วิสิษฐศักดิ์", "rtgs": "Chao Phraya Surasi Wisitsak", "aliases": [ "Choei Kalyanamit", "เชย กัลยาณมิตร" ], "said": "Planted a thousand trees along a road, and the trees outlived the empire that sent him.", "said_th": "ปลูกต้นยางพันต้นเลียบถนน แล้วต้นยางอยู่ยืนกว่าจักรวรรดิที่ส่งท่านมา" }, "region": [ "lanna" ], "text": { "what": "Siam's high commissioner for the northern circle, Monthon Phayap, in the reign of Inthawichayanon. Under his commission about a thousand yang-na trees were planted along the Chiang Mai–Lamphun road from the Nawarat Bridge to the provincial line, dated 20 October 1882 by one account; a telegram of 1900 in another. He is also credited with the Hang Dong road of 1899, lined with khi-lek trees for the trade to Burma." }, "text_th": { "what": "ข้าหลวงใหญ่มณฑลพายัพของสยามในรัชสมัยพระเจ้าอินทวิชยานนท์ ภายใต้ท่านมีการปลูกต้นยางนาราวพันต้นเลียบถนนเชียงใหม่–ลำพูน จากสะพานนวรัฐถึงเขตจังหวัด บันทึกหนึ่งให้วันที่ 20 ตุลาคม 2425 อีกบันทึกเป็นโทรเลขปี 2443 ท่านยังได้ชื่อว่าสร้างถนนหางดงปี 2442 ปลูกต้นขี้เหล็กสองข้างเพื่อการค้ากับพม่า" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ton-yang-road", "as": "The trees.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "route-108", "as": "The other road.", "rel": "highway" } ], "tags": [ "trees" ], "sources": [ "s:thaipbs-308334", "s:thwp-106", "s:cmu-thesis-2548" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thaipbs-308334" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "ton-yang-road", "type": "road", "name": "The Yang Tree Road, Chiang Mai to Lamphun", "as": "Who had them planted." }, { "from": "route-108", "type": "highway", "name": "Route 108, southwest to Mae Hong Son", "as": "Built the Hang Dong road." }, { "from": "map-1893", "type": "map", "name": "The 1893 map for Inthawichayanon", "as": "The commissioner who followed." }, { "from": "map-mccarthy-1888", "type": "map", "name": "McCarthy's Siam, 1888", "as": "The commissioner of the same decade." }, { "from": "map-mccarthy-1900", "type": "map", "name": "McCarthy's Siam, 1900", "as": "The commissioner." }, { "from": "the-trees-on-the-lamphun-road", "type": "story", "name": "The trees on the Lamphun road", "as": "The commissioner." } ] }, { "id": "tim-chotana", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Tim Chotana", "th": "นายทิม โชตนา", "rtgs": "Thim Chotana", "said": "A highway supervisor whose name is on the road north.", "said_th": "นายช่างแขวงตี้ชื่ออยู่บนถนนขึ้นเหนือ" }, "region": [ "city" ], "text": { "what": "A former highway division supervisor. The city stretch of Route 107, from Chang Phueak Gate north, was named Chotana Road after him on 12 December 1950. Nothing else about him is on this disk." }, "text_th": { "what": "อดีตนายช่างแขวงการทาง ทางหลวง 107 ช่วงในเมืองจากประตูช้างเผือกขึ้นเหนือ ตั้งชื่อถนนโชตนาตามท่านวันที่ 12 ธันวาคม 2493 เรื่องอื่นของท่านบ่มีในแผ่นนี้" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-107", "as": "The road.", "rel": "highway" } ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-107" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-107" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "low", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "kin_in": [ { "from": "chotana-road", "type": "road", "name": "Chotana Road", "as": "Who it is named for." } ] }, { "id": "arcade-bus-terminal", "type": "place", "names": { "name": "Arcade bus terminal", "th": "สถานีขนส่งอาเขต", "rtgs": "Sathani Khon Song Arcade", "said": "Where the road out starts, for anyone without a vehicle.", "said_th": "ตี้ถนนออกเมืองเริ่ม สำหรับคนบ่มีรถ" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "text": { "what": "The intercity bus station on Kaew Nawarat Road, northeast of the river, beside the Superhighway. Terminals 2 and 3 serve the north and the rest of the country. Talk of a new terminal elsewhere turned up nothing this project could name." }, "text_th": { "what": "สถานีขนส่งระหว่างเมืองบนถนนแก้วนวรัฐ ทางตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือของแม่น้ำ ข้างซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ อาคาร 2 และ 3 รับสายเหนือและทั่วประเทศ เรื่องสถานีใหม่ที่อื่น โครงการนี้หาแหล่งที่ระบุชื่อได้บ่พบ" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.8033, "lon": 99.018, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "route-11", "as": "Beside it.", "rel": "highway" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-chiang-mai" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition", "source": "s:wp-chiang-mai" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "arcade-bus-terminal/arcade-bus-terminal-chiang-mai-thailand-taxis-at-arcade-bus-station-01.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang-Mai Thailand Taxis-at-Arcade-Bus-Station-01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Taxis-at-Arcade-Bus-Station-01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang-Mai_Thailand_Taxis-at-Arcade-Bus-Station-01.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chiang Mai, Thailand: Tour taxis, waiting at the Arcade bus terminal", "date": "2009-11-20", "primary": true, "sha256": "151c7ec1002147535c3f219e4cc2ce6e8d288cad0515df96fb52c338ddfd3ed9" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "san-dek-underpass", "type": "junction", "name": "San Dek underpass", "as": "Beside it." } ] }, { "id": "chiang-mai-airport", "type": "place", "names": { "name": "Chiang Mai Airport", "th": "ท่าอากาศยานเชียงใหม่", "rtgs": "Tha Akatsayan Chiang Mai", "said": "Four kilometres from the moat, which is the whole problem and the whole convenience.", "said_th": "สี่กิโลจากคูเมือง นี่คือปัญหาทั้งหมดและความสะดวกทั้งหมด" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "text": { "what": "The airport sits inside the first ring, so close to the old city that Mahidol Road, the southern arc of that ring, had to be threaded past its fence. An upgrade of 24,000 million baht runs from 2025, and a second airport is planned across the provincial line at Ban Thi." }, "text_th": { "what": "สนามบินอยู่ในวงแหวนรอบแรก ใกล้เวียงเก่าขนาดถนนมหิดล ส่วนโค้งด้านใต้ของวงนั้น ต้องร้อยผ่านรั้วสนามบิน มีแผนปรับปรุง 24,000 ล้านบาทตั้งแต่ปี 2568 และวางแผนสนามบินแห่งที่สองข้ามเขตจังหวัดที่บ้านธิ" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7668, "lon": 98.9626, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "mahidol-road", "as": "Threaded past it.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "lanna-airport", "as": "Its planned successor.", "rel": "plan" }, { "to": "airport-junction", "as": "The junction at its gate.", "rel": "junction" } ], "tags": [ "airport" ], "sources": [ "s:wp-cnx-airport", "s:bkkbiz-1153345" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-cnx-airport" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "chiang-mai-airport/chiang-mai-airport-chiang-mai-airport-runway-aerial-view.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai Airport runway aerial view.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Chiang_Mai_Airport_runway_aerial_view.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_Airport_runway_aerial_view.JPG", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Adbar", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Aerial view of Chiang Mai International Airport's runways and of the southern part of the city. Picture taken from Doi Suthep temple.", "date": "2013-04-28 16:20:01", "primary": true, "sha256": "83b3491fa911b4207b17836ec1693f230482e9b93da565c66e4c6d87e715b27a" }, { "file": "chiang-mai-airport/chiang-mai-airport-chiang-mai-international-airport-2025.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai International Airport 2025.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Chiang_Mai_International_Airport_2025.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_International_Airport_2025.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Setawut", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chiang Mai International Airport", "date": "2025-12-29", "primary": false, "sha256": "b9a116539b713be10f0fc7bfef9ca3d6b413b1cf11fa60dc2b247a45a5695162" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "airport-junction", "type": "junction", "name": "Airport junction", "as": "Its gate." }, { "from": "lanna-airport", "type": "plan", "name": "Lanna Airport, the second airport at Ban Thi", "as": "What it would relieve." }, { "from": "airport-passengers", "type": "traffic", "name": "The airport, by passengers", "as": "The airport." } ] }, { "id": "chiang-mai-station", "type": "place", "names": { "name": "Chiang Mai railway station", "th": "สถานีรถไฟเชียงใหม่", "rtgs": "Sathani Rotfai Chiang Mai", "said": "The train arrived on New Year's Day 1921, and the city moved east to meet it.", "said_th": "รถไฟมาเถิงวันปีใหม่ 2464 แล้วเมืองก็ย้ายไปตะวันออกไปฮับมัน" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "text": { "what": "The end of the northern line, east of the river. The first train ran on 1 January 1921 through the Khun Tan tunnel; Tha Phae became the commercial centre in the years after, and most of the surviving heritage houses on that road date from that period. Charoen Mueang Road links the station to the Nawarat Bridge." }, "text_th": { "what": "ปลายทางรถไฟสายเหนือ ฝั่งตะวันออกของแม่น้ำ รถไฟขบวนแรกวิ่งวันที่ 1 มกราคม 2464 ผ่านอุโมงค์ขุนตาน ท่าแพกลายเป็นศูนย์กลางการค้าในปีต่อ ๆ มา และเรือนเก่าส่วนใหญ่บนถนนนั้นมาจากยุคนี้ ถนนเจริญเมืองเชื่อมสถานีกับสะพานนวรัฐ" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7846, "lon": 99.0169, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "tha-phae-road", "as": "What the train did to it.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "era-siam-1900-1950", "as": "Its era.", "rel": "era" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-cnx-station", "s:thwp-tha-phae-road" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-cnx-station" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "chiang-mai-station/chiang-mai-station-chiang-mai-thailand-chiang-mai-railway-station-01.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai Thailand Chiang-Mai-Railway-Station-01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Chiang_Mai_Thailand_Chiang-Mai-Railway-Station-01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_Thailand_Chiang-Mai-Railway-Station-01.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Chiang Mai, Thailand: Chiang Mai Railway Station", "date": "2017-04-17", "primary": true, "sha256": "48a928cd6a3236aa813a0ba8a1d1b422eb728d1ed0f114347d202eceae92135c" }, { "file": "chiang-mai-station/chiang-mai-station-phap-mueang-thai-1943-p-063.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Phap Mueang Thai (1943, p 063).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Phap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_063%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APhap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_063%29.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Office of the Prime Minister", "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file", "alt": "This picture is described as follows:\nOriginal caption: \"Northern Line railroad bridge.\"", "date": "1943-07-14", "primary": false, "sha256": "d147421947c6e5cd2c0e7b789db7d6ebae650c1a300ad6818ef4b4b1dc8864f1" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "tha-phae-road", "type": "road", "name": "Tha Phae Road", "as": "What made it the commercial street." }, { "from": "era-siam-1900-1950", "type": "era", "name": "1900–1950 — Siam and the railway", "as": "Arrived 1921." }, { "from": "map-1931", "type": "map", "name": "The 1931 city map", "as": "What changed the city before it." }, { "from": "map-railways-1930", "type": "map", "name": "The Siam State Railways map, 1930", "as": "The terminus." } ] }, { "id": "chiang-mai-university", "type": "place", "names": { "name": "Chiang Mai University", "th": "มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่", "rtgs": "Mahawitthayalai Chiang Mai", "said": "The land gift of 1963 that produced a road.", "said_th": "ที่ดินตี้หื้อปี 2506 ตี้เกิดเป็นถนน" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "text": { "what": "The university at the foot of Doi Suthep, opened 1964 on land the Nimmanhaemin family gave to the government in 1963. The road along the gift's edge, linking Suthep Road to Huay Kaew, took the family's name." }, "text_th": { "what": "มหาวิทยาลัยตีนดอยสุเทพ เปิดปี 2507 บนที่ดินที่ตระกูลนิมมานเหมินท์มอบให้รัฐบาลปี 2506 ถนนตามขอบที่ดินที่ยกให้ เชื่อมถนนสุเทพกับห้วยแก้ว ได้ชื่อตระกูล" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.8005, "lon": 98.952, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "nimmanhaemin-road", "as": "The road it produced.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "nimmanhaemin-family", "as": "Who gave the land.", "rel": "person" } ], "tags": [ "university" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-nimman" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-nimman" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "chiang-mai-university/chiang-mai-university-chiang-mai-university-gate.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai University gate.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Chiang_Mai_University_gate.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_University_gate.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Christophe95", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "A gate of Chiang Mai University.", "date": "2018-09-03 09:36:35", "primary": true, "sha256": "9c2d777ae1137366650eb6886eadb459deef451ef02692d31c7ef4d5f52d64cb" }, { "file": "chiang-mai-university/chiang-mai-university-red-car-chiang-mai-queue-behind-chiang-mai-university.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Red Car Chiang Mai queue behind Chiang Mai University.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Red_Car_Chiang_Mai_queue_behind_Chiang_Mai_University.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARed_Car_Chiang_Mai_queue_behind_Chiang_Mai_University.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Patiparn.Nice2002bkk", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Red Car Chiang Mai queue behind Chiang Mai University", "date": "2022-04-11 09:57:34", "primary": false, "sha256": "6b706865a3309802221c38ebf5ddea7e771556439a56eadb6f61a76d466160d6" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "nimmanhaemin-family", "type": "person", "name": "The Nimmanhaemin family", "as": "What the land became." } ] }, { "id": "doi-suthep", "type": "place", "names": { "name": "Doi Suthep", "th": "ดอยสุเทพ", "rtgs": "Doi Suthep", "said": "The mountain the roads point at.", "said_th": "ดอยตี้ถนนจี้ไป" }, "region": [ "city" ], "text": { "what": "The mountain west of the city, 1,676 m, with the temple two-thirds of the way up. Huay Kaew Road and then the monk's road of 1935 climb it; the moat's water comes down from it; and the western ring road runs along its foot on the irrigation canal.", "story": "*Inference —* the 2025 plan for an elevated road on Route 121 was argued against partly because it might block the view of this mountain from the plain. A road in this city is judged by whether you can still see the mountain over it." }, "text_th": { "what": "ดอยทางตะวันตกของเมือง สูง 1,676 เมตร มีวัดอยู่สองในสามของทางขึ้น ถนนห้วยแก้วแล้วต่อด้วยถนนครูบาปี 2478 ไต่ขึ้นไป น้ำคูเมืองไหลลงมาจากมัน และถนนวงแหวนด้านตะวันตกวิ่งเลียบตีนดอยบนคลองชลประทาน", "story": "*อนุมาน —* แผนทางยกระดับบนทางหลวง 121 ปี 2568 ถูกคัดค้านส่วนหนึ่งเพราะอาจบังวิวดอยจากที่ราบ ถนนในเมืองนี้ถูกตัดสินด้วยว่ายังเห็นดอยข้ามมันได้ก่ออยู่" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.8048, "lon": 98.9217, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "si-wichai-road", "as": "The road up it.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "elevated-121", "as": "The plan judged against its view.", "rel": "plan" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:wp-doi-suthep", "s:citylife-big-development" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-doi-suthep" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "doi-suthep/doi-suthep-chiang-mai-panorama-from-doi-suthep-lookout-2014-08-08.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai Panorama from Doi Suthep Lookout (2014-08-08).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Chiang_Mai_Panorama_from_Doi_Suthep_Lookout_%282014-08-08%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_Panorama_from_Doi_Suthep_Lookout_%282014-08-08%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Pratyeka", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "A panorama looking east back to the city of Chiang Mai from the lookout half-way up Doi Suthep, a famous mountain to the west of the city.", "date": "2014-08-08 10:25:29", "primary": true, "sha256": "523981043594b01a82d0ca30ca1f9bf2179623d8d89c499d9ae51c100438bdf9" }, { "file": "doi-suthep/doi-suthep-chiang-mai-pano-2010-0128.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang mai pano 2010 0128.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Chiang_mai_pano_2010_0128.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_mai_pano_2010_0128.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Takeaway", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Panorama of the city of Chiang Mai, part of the surrounding valley and the mountains east of the city of Chiang Mai. The photo was made from the viewpoint halfway up the road towards Wat Phrathat Doi ", "date": "2010-01-28", "primary": false, "sha256": "bfa7949df2c61c9594f4f9ee00c86e6c76e0d3cfd03eb964e7334f732508e5e5" }, { "file": "doi-suthep/doi-suthep-thaichiangmaidoisuthep.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:ThaiChiangMaiDoiSuthep.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/ThaiChiangMaiDoiSuthep.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AThaiChiangMaiDoiSuthep.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Ziegler175", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Blick vom Doi Suthep auf Chiang Mai", "date": "0011", "primary": false, "sha256": "5a6dfcc2bb59448b445264e3d7ce6e45875ae863e7837dd2e12d7ca8c2e6a1e0" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "si-wichai-road", "type": "road", "name": "Si Wichai Road, the road up Doi Suthep", "as": "The mountain." }, { "from": "ring-3", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 3, Route 121", "as": "What its west side runs under." }, { "from": "elevated-121", "type": "plan", "name": "An elevated road on the outer ring, Don Kaew to Mueang Kaew", "as": "What it might hide." } ] }, { "id": "kamphaeng-din", "type": "place", "names": { "name": "Kamphaeng Din, the earthen wall", "th": "กำแพงดิน", "rtgs": "Kamphaeng Din", "said": "The second wall, the curved one, mostly gone.", "said_th": "กำแพงตี้สอง กำแพงโค้ง หายไปเกือบหมด" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "text": { "what": "A semicircular outer rampart of earth, running from Si Phum Corner round the east side and along the south to Ku Hueang Corner, enclosing the trading quarter between the square and the river. No firm date; presumed Mangrai's era. Brick was found under the bank on the southwest stretch. Parts survive beside the Night Bazaar, where Kamphaeng Din Road runs on its line.", "story": "*Inference —* the earthen wall is the reason the city is not a square: the streets between Tha Phae and Chang Klan bend, because they follow a curve that has been demolished. The length in kilometres is not on this disk.", "notes": "The 1931 city map draws its line: a heavy dashed boundary running from ประตูหายยา Hai Ya Gate in the southwest, round the south and east, to ประตูขัวก้อม Kua Kom Gate. That line is the best picture of the earthen wall on this site, and it is on a sheet rather than on the ground." }, "text_th": { "what": "กำแพงดินชั้นนอกรูปครึ่งวงกลม วิ่งจากแจ่งศรีภูมิอ้อมด้านตะวันออกและเลียบด้านใต้ไปแจ่งกู่เฮือง ล้อมย่านค้าขายระหว่างเวียงกับแม่น้ำ ไม่มีวันที่แน่ชัด สันนิษฐานว่าสมัยพญามังราย พบอิฐใต้คันดินช่วงตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ เหลือบางส่วนข้างไนท์บาซาร์ ตี้ถนนกำแพงดินวิ่งบนแนวเดิม", "story": "*อนุมาน —* กำแพงดินคือเหตุที่เมืองบ่ใช่สี่เหลี่ยม ถนนระหว่างท่าแพกับช้างคลานโค้ง เพราะมันเดินตามเส้นโค้งที่ถูกรื้อไปแล้ว ความยาวเป็นกิโลเมตรบ่มีในแผ่นนี้", "notes": "แผนที่เมืองปี 2474 วาดแนวของมันไว้ เส้นประหนักวิ่งจากประตูหายยาทางตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ อ้อมใต้และตะวันออก ไปถึงประตูขัวก้อม เส้นนั้นคือภาพของกำแพงดินที่ดีที่สุดบนเว็บนี้ และมันอยู่บนแผ่นกระดาษ ไม่ใช่บนพื้น" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7855, "lon": 98.999, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "kamphaeng-din-road", "as": "The road on its line.", "rel": "road" }, { "to": "si-phum-corner", "as": "Where it starts.", "rel": "gate" }, { "to": "kamphaeng", "as": "The word.", "rel": "word" }, { "to": "map-1931", "as": "Where its line is drawn.", "rel": "map" } ], "tags": [ "heritage" ], "sources": [ "s:onep-277", "s:sumup-kamphaeng-din", "s:commons-map" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:onep-277" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "kamphaeng-din/kamphaeng-din-chiang-mai-city-map-chiengmai-1890.png", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chiang Mai City Map (Chiengmai) 1890.png", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Chiang_Mai_City_Map_%28Chiengmai%29_1890.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_City_Map_%28Chiengmai%29_1890.png", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "James McCarthy (1853–1919)", "credit": "Pantip - https://pantip.com/topic/38106682 (Original map source: James McCarthy, Surveying and exploring in Siam, 1900)", "alt": "Chiang Mai City map of 1900. The city was also called Chiengmai in Thailand. The front of the temple faces east on the newly built Chang Moi Road, where Mae Kha Canal flows through. Along the second c", "date": "1900", "primary": true, "sha256": "a15e9aa077652ae528a061da54507c27be140de74e3b1db51b8d08e4562056b4" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "chang-klan-road", "type": "road", "name": "Chang Klan Road", "as": "The wall it runs inside." }, { "from": "kamphaeng-din-road", "type": "road", "name": "Kamphaeng Din Road", "as": "The wall." }, { "from": "map-1890", "type": "map", "name": "The 1890 city map", "as": "The outer wall." }, { "from": "map-1893", "type": "map", "name": "The 1893 map for Inthawichayanon", "as": "The wall it still shows." }, { "from": "kamphaeng", "type": "word", "name": "กำแพง kamphaeng", "as": "The earthen one." }, { "from": "mae-kha-canal", "type": "place", "name": "Mae Kha canal", "as": "Ran outside it." } ] }, { "id": "mae-kha-canal", "type": "place", "names": { "name": "Mae Kha canal", "th": "คลองแม่ข่า", "rtgs": "Khlong Mae Kha", "said": "The outer moat that became a drain, and is being made a canal again.", "said_th": "คูชั้นนอกตี้กลายเป็นท่อ แล้วกำลังถูกทำเป็นคลองแหม" }, "region": [ "ring1" ], "text": { "what": "A stream of about 31 km that Mangrai counted among the site's seven auspicious features and used as the outer moat, east of the earthen wall. By the 2010s its water was in the worst pollution class. The municipality began a restoration in 2017 with 50 million baht and a master plan for 2018–22; the stretch behind Chang Klan is now a walkway." }, "text_th": { "what": "ลำน้ำราว 31 กม. ที่พญามังรายนับเป็นหนึ่งในชัยมงคลเจ็ดประการของที่ตั้งเมือง และใช้เป็นคูชั้นนอก ทางตะวันออกของกำแพงดิน ถึงทศวรรษ 2550 น้ำอยู่ในชั้นคุณภาพแย่ที่สุด เทศบาลเริ่มฟื้นฟูปี 2560 ด้วยงบ 50 ล้านบาทและแผนแม่บท 2561–65 ช่วงหลังช้างคลานตอนนี้เป็นทางเดิน" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.783, "lon": 99.0, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "kamphaeng-din", "as": "Ran outside it.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "unesco-nomination", "as": "Inside the nominated core.", "rel": "plan" } ], "tags": [ "heritage", "walk", "flood" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-mae-kha", "s:citylife-unesco" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-mae-kha" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "mae-kha-canal/mae-kha-canal-khlong-mae-kha.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Khlong Mae Kha.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Khlong_Mae_Kha.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AKhlong_Mae_Kha.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Vano111ru", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Khlong Mae Kha", "date": "6 February 2024 (according to Exif data)", "primary": true, "sha256": "b1ce43998407aa535eb4ddba74edfe2970c3800179da7cda1e126562bf3c038a" }, { "file": "mae-kha-canal/mae-kha-canal-khlong-mae-kha-bridge-ragang-rd-img-20230225-172728.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Khlong Mae Kha bridge Ragang Rd IMG 20230225 172728.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Khlong_Mae_Kha_bridge_Ragang_Rd_IMG_20230225_172728.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AKhlong_Mae_Kha_bridge_Ragang_Rd_IMG_20230225_172728.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "FredTC", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Dit is de brug aan de verkeersweg (Ragang Road).", "date": "2023-02-25 17:27:30", "primary": false, "sha256": "78eb9ba09a3b9084481abff205bff4a2a16fcb17e3e5e827020ab89a70c6e2a0" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "unesco-nomination", "type": "plan", "name": "The UNESCO nomination and the roads under it", "as": "In the core." } ] }, { "id": "ping-river", "type": "place", "names": { "name": "The Ping", "th": "แม่น้ำปิง", "rtgs": "Mae Nam Ping", "said": "The river the city was built a kilometre away from, on purpose.", "said_th": "แม่น้ำตี้เมืองตั้งใจตั้งห่างมันหนึ่งกิโล" }, "region": [ "city" ], "text": { "what": "The river east of the old city. Mangrai put the square on the higher ground between Doi Suthep and the Ping rather than on the bank; the bank flooded then and it floods now. Every bridge across it is counted on this site from the map, and the ones with a story have a record.", "story": "In October 2024 the gauge at Nawarat Bridge, P.1, read 5.30 m at noon on 5 October, 1.10 m over the bank, 638 cubic metres a second. Tha Phae Road flooded from the bridge to the bank at Krung Thai; the Superhighway, the Don Chan and Chiang Kham overpasses, all of Mahidol Road, Warorot Market, the railway station and Nong Prathip junction went under. The water stood about 2 km east of the river." }, "text_th": { "what": "แม่น้ำทางตะวันออกของเวียงเก่า พญามังรายวางเวียงบนที่สูงระหว่างดอยสุเทพกับแม่ปิง ไม่ใช่บนฝั่ง ฝั่งน้ำท่วมตอนนั้นและท่วมตอนนี้ ขัวข้ามทุกแห่งถูกนับจากแผนที่บนเว็บนี้ และขัวที่มีเรื่องเล่ามีบันทึกของตัวเอง", "story": "ตุลาคม 2567 สถานีวัดน้ำ P.1 ที่สะพานนวรัฐอ่านได้ 5.30 เมตรตอนเที่ยงวันที่ 5 ตุลาคม สูงกว่าตลิ่ง 1.10 เมตร 638 ลูกบาศก์เมตรต่อวินาที ถนนท่าแพจมจากสะพานถึงธนาคารกรุงไทย ซุปเปอร์ไฮเวย์ สะพานข้ามแยกดอนจั่นและเชียงคำ ถนนมหิดลทั้งสาย กาดหลวง สถานีรถไฟ และแยกหนองประทีปจมหมด น้ำแผ่ไปทางตะวันออกของแม่น้ำราว 2 กม." }, "geo": { "lat": 18.79, "lon": 99.004, "precision": "street" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ping-crossings", "as": "How many bridges, counted.", "rel": "measure" }, { "to": "nawarat-bridge", "as": "The gauge is on it.", "rel": "bridge" }, { "to": "the-day-the-river-came-up-tha-phae", "as": "The flood, told.", "rel": "story" } ], "tags": [ "flood" ], "sources": [ "s:wp-ping", "s:lanner-flood", "s:thaipbs-344954", "s:bkkbiz-1147937" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-ping" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "ping-river/ping-river-pano-cm-2010-0928a3-1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Pano CM 2010 0928a3-1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Pano_CM_2010_0928a3-1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APano_CM_2010_0928a3-1.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Takeaway", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Panorama of Chiang Mai during the rainy season when the skies are more clear and the surroundings more luscious green. The image was taken from the viewpoint halfway up Doi Suthep. The mountains on th", "date": "2010-09-28", "primary": true, "sha256": "ca744e52bd3bd01ef609a86a48b71c35fbdd43795539742162ef7ccd222fed6a" }, { "file": "ping-river/ping-river-ping-river-1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ping River-1.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Ping_River-1.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APing_River-1.JPG", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Rinto Jiang", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Night view of Ping river from Nawarat Bridge", "date": "2007-01-25", "primary": false, "sha256": "37f470684cf4bd4f135c823f4abb02973146a1e2c33b3138fd15efe4c8ccbd82" }, { "file": "ping-river/ping-river-ping-river-in-chiang-mai-4.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Ping River in Chiang Mai 4.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Ping_River_in_Chiang_Mai_4.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APing_River_in_Chiang_Mai_4.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Christophe95", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "View of the Ping River from the Nawarat Bridge in Chiang Mai.", "date": "2018-09-06 15:44:44", "primary": false, "sha256": "f7c5656c8bfdb6d5c65d25855af92437bea2e4ec32d7869d86d0aeb05ecb0654" }, { "file": "ping-river/ping-river-athibai-rayathang-long-lamnam-phing-1930-p-21.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Athibai Rayathang Long Lamnam Phing (1930, p 21).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Athibai_Rayathang_Long_Lamnam_Phing_%281930%2C_p_21%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AAthibai_Rayathang_Long_Lamnam_Phing_%281930%2C_p_21%29.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file", "alt": "Original caption: \"Boat sailing amidst rapids\"", "date": "1930", "primary": false, "sha256": "7908438c39021d67c9f31b607aaf4c6b8962f317a61021126e55fd384176374e" }, { "file": "ping-river/ping-river-athibai-rayathang-long-lamnam-phing-1930-p-24.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Athibai Rayathang Long Lamnam Phing (1930, p 24).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Athibai_Rayathang_Long_Lamnam_Phing_%281930%2C_p_24%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AAthibai_Rayathang_Long_Lamnam_Phing_%281930%2C_p_24%29.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author", "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file", "alt": "Original caption: \"Boats sailing amidst rapids\"", "date": "1930", "primary": false, "sha256": "83bce458cc987b94172d0fd72ea8fb27f57bc3312c4a611ee931e9b0e79ad9e7" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "map-bock-1881", "type": "map", "name": "Bock's route to the north, 1881", "as": "How he came up." }, { "from": "ping-crossings", "type": "measure", "name": "Road bridges over the Ping, counted", "as": "The river." }, { "from": "the-day-the-river-came-up-tha-phae", "type": "story", "name": "The day the river came up Tha Phae", "as": "The river." }, { "from": "wiang-kum-kam", "type": "place", "name": "Wiang Kum Kam", "as": "What drowned it." } ] }, { "id": "the-moat", "type": "place", "names": { "name": "The moat", "th": "คูเมือง", "rtgs": "Khu Mueang", "said": "Six and a half kilometres of water, and a square that is not quite square.", "said_th": "น้ำหกกิโลครึ่ง กับสี่เหลี่ยมตี้บ่เหลี่ยมแต๊" }, "region": [ "moat" ], "text": { "what": "The water square around the old city: 6.54 km round, about 1.6 by 1.7 km, the north side the longest at 1.67 km. About 13 m wide now, up to 25 m once, 4 m deep at most. Dug at the founding in 1296, deepened and given its corner bastions by later rulers.", "story": "About 603 m of the original brick wall survive. The municipality, founded in 1936, began demolishing sections in 1948 to build the roads that now run on both banks. The wall and moat were registered as a national monument in 1935, thirteen years before the demolition began.\n\n*Inference —* every measurement on this site starts from this square. It is the one thing in the city that has not moved in 730 years, so it is the ruler everything else is laid against." }, "text_th": { "what": "สี่เหลี่ยมน้ำรอบเวียงเก่า ยาวรอบ 6.54 กม. ราว 1.6 คูณ 1.7 กม. ด้านเหนือยาวสุด 1.67 กม. กว้างราว 13 เมตรตอนนี้ เคยถึง 25 เมตร ลึกสุด 4 เมตร ขุดตอนสร้างเมืองปี 1839 ขุดลึกและเพิ่มแจ่งโดยเจ้าเมืองรุ่นหลัง", "story": "กำแพงอิฐเดิมเหลือราว 603 เมตร เทศบาลซึ่งตั้งปี 2479 เริ่มรื้อบางช่วงในปี 2491 เพื่อสร้างถนนที่วิ่งบนสองฝั่งคูตอนนี้ กำแพงและคูขึ้นทะเบียนโบราณสถานปี 2478 สิบสามปีก่อนเริ่มรื้อ\n\n*อนุมาน —* ทุกการวัดบนเว็บนี้เริ่มจากสี่เหลี่ยมนี้ มันคือสิ่งเดียวในเมืองที่บ่ได้ขยับมา 730 ปี มันจึงเป็นไม้บรรทัดที่ทุกอย่างถูกวางเทียบ" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.7883, "lon": 98.9855, "precision": "exact" }, "kin": [ { "to": "moat-loop", "as": "The roads on its banks.", "rel": "ring" }, { "to": "hua-lin-corner", "as": "Where its water comes in.", "rel": "gate" }, { "to": "grid-in-the-moat", "as": "What the streets inside it measure.", "rel": "measure" }, { "to": "khu", "as": "The word.", "rel": "word" } ], "tags": [ "heritage", "one-way" ], "sources": [ "s:thwp-moat", "s:onep-278", "s:cmocity-history" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:thwp-moat" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "the-moat/the-moat-201703291029a-chiang-mai-city-moat.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291029a Chiang Mai, City Moat.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/201703291029a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291029a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "City moat of Chiang Mai between Chiang Mai Gate and Suan Prung Gate", "date": "2017-03-29 10:29:27", "primary": true, "sha256": "68994a0ab8f222daf0655c1bba8169e1bf236217cb22e0e48841d23a4ad66d8e" }, { "file": "the-moat/the-moat-201703291126a-chiang-mai-city-moat.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291126a Chiang Mai, City Moat.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/201703291126a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291126a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "City moat of Chiang Mai between Sri Phum Corner and Tha Phae Gate", "date": "2017-03-29 11:26:16", "primary": false, "sha256": "82838166f4241113c54d08f38dd9903986041c33afa99c6260e3a3954776cb3b" }, { "file": "the-moat/the-moat-201703291220a-chiang-mai-city-moat.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:201703291220a Chiang Mai, City Moat.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/201703291220a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291220a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Hartmann Linge", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Undertaker beside the city moat of Chiang Mai between Suan Dok Gate and Hua Rin Corner", "date": "2017-03-29 12:20:35", "primary": false, "sha256": "9c172b213691f1f18c688f69df492ed98cd1e86f060ea8b37f44cb1788d854b8" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "moat-loop", "type": "ring", "name": "The moat loop", "as": "The water." }, { "from": "moat-bridges", "type": "bridge", "name": "The bridges over the moat", "as": "What they cross." }, { "from": "unesco-nomination", "type": "plan", "name": "The UNESCO nomination and the roads under it", "as": "The core." }, { "from": "era-1296-the-square", "type": "era", "name": "1296 — the square", "as": "The square." }, { "from": "map-lanna", "type": "map", "name": "The Lanna city map", "as": "The square it draws." }, { "from": "grid-in-the-moat", "type": "measure", "name": "The grid score, zone by zone", "as": "The square." }, { "from": "wats-and-rings", "type": "measure", "name": "Wats, zone by zone", "as": "The square." }, { "from": "wiang", "type": "word", "name": "เวียง wiang", "as": "What surrounds it." }, { "from": "kawila", "type": "person", "name": "Kawila", "as": "What he restored." }, { "from": "mangrai", "type": "person", "name": "Mangrai", "as": "What he dug." } ] }, { "id": "wiang-kum-kam", "type": "place", "names": { "name": "Wiang Kum Kam", "th": "เวียงกุมกาม", "rtgs": "Wiang Kum Kam", "said": "The capital before the capital, drowned by the river, found under the fields.", "said_th": "เวียงก่อนเวียง จมน้ำปิง เจอใต้ท้องนา" }, "region": [ "ring2" ], "text": { "what": "Mangrai's first city on this plain, founded 1286 on the Ping's bank south of the present city and abandoned after floods; the ruins were dug out of the fields of Saraphi from 1984. The middle ring road has an underpass named for it.", "story": "*Inference —* it is the argument for the moat square's location in one ruin. A city on the bank drowned; a city a kilometre from the bank is still here." }, "text_th": { "what": "เมืองแรกของพญามังรายบนที่ราบนี้ สร้างปี 1829 บนฝั่งแม่ปิงทางใต้ของเมืองปัจจุบัน ทิ้งร้างหลังน้ำท่วม ซากถูกขุดจากท้องนาสารภีตั้งแต่ปี 2527 ถนนวงแหวนรอบกลางมีทางลอดชื่อตามมัน", "story": "*อนุมาน —* มันคือข้อโต้แย้งเรื่องตำแหน่งของเวียงสี่เหลี่ยมในซากเดียว เมืองบนฝั่งจม เมืองห่างฝั่งหนึ่งกิโลยังอยู่" }, "geo": { "lat": 18.75, "lon": 99.005, "precision": "town" }, "kin": [ { "to": "ping-river", "as": "What drowned it.", "rel": "place" }, { "to": "mangrai", "as": "Who built it.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "ring-2", "as": "The underpass named for it is on this ring.", "rel": "ring" } ], "tags": [ "heritage", "flood" ], "sources": [ "s:wp-wiang-kum-kam" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-wiang-kum-kam" }, "fields": { "text_th": { "tier": "inference", "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "schema": 1, "updated": "2026-09-21", "images": [ { "file": "wiang-kum-kam/wiang-kum-kam-wiang-kum-kam-174064203.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wiang Kum Kam (174064203).jpeg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Wiang_Kum_Kam_%28174064203%29.jpeg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWiang_Kum_Kam_%28174064203%29.jpeg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "author": "Mathew Schwartz", "credit": "Imported from 500px (archived version) by the Archive Team. (detail page)", "alt": "500px provided description: Chiangmai Thailand, one of the many sites part of the Wiang Kum Kam. This site was excavated and its original form. Really amazing to see something so old and well preserve", "date": "17 September 2016, 17:19:49 (UTC)", "primary": true, "sha256": "ef422cadb42358860a0f9f9a02d81400761e717dfb523f26343b3c13da060ce5" }, { "file": "wiang-kum-kam/wiang-kum-kam-wiang-kum-kam-1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wiang Kum Kam 1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Wiang_Kum_Kam_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWiang_Kum_Kam_1.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Mathew Schwartz", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Wiang Kum Kam 1.jpg", "date": "2016-09-17 13:25:33", "primary": false, "sha256": "e280e442ae886ba2e1f52c35c302f7621125c16b8e5642bf8c0982afe612daad" } ], "kin_in": [ { "from": "ring-2", "type": "ring", "name": "Ring 2, the 700 Years Road", "as": "An underpass is named for it." }, { "from": "the-day-the-river-came-up-tha-phae", "type": "story", "name": "The day the river came up Tha Phae", "as": "The precedent." }, { "from": "mangrai", "type": "person", "name": "Mangrai", "as": "His first try." } ] } ] }