{
 "type": "word",
 "count": 15,
 "nodes": [
  {
   "id": "chaeng",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "แจ่ง chaeng",
    "th": "แจ่ง",
    "rtgs": "chaeng"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "แจ่ง chaeng — Kam Mueang for a corner or angle; standard Thai mum. The four corners of the moat are the four chaeng, each with its own name.",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The word for the four corners of the moat. A songthaew driver navigates the square by its chaeng, not by street names, and so does this site."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "คำสำหรับสี่มุมคูเมือง คนขับรถแดงบอกทางในเวียงด้วยแจ่ง บ่ใช่ชื่อถนน เว็บนี้ก็เหมือนกัน"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "แจ่ง",
    "rtgs": "chaeng",
    "ipa": "/tɕɛ̀ŋ/",
    "standard": "มุม · ป้อมมุมกำแพง",
    "standard_rtgs": "mum · pom",
    "gloss": "a corner; the bastion at a corner of the city wall",
    "gloss_th": "มุม ป้อมมุมเวียง",
    "example": "แจ่งศรีภูมิ",
    "example_gloss": "Chaeng Si Phum — the northeast corner"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "si-phum-corner",
     "as": "One of the four.",
     "rel": "gate"
    },
    {
     "to": "katam-corner",
     "as": "One of the four.",
     "rel": "gate"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "chaeng/chaeng-201703291049e-chiang-mai-city-moat.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:201703291049e Chiang Mai, City Moat.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/201703291049e_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291049e_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
     "author": "Hartmann Linge",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Flower at the city moat of Chiang Mai between Katam Corner and Chiang Mai Gate",
     "date": "2017-03-29 10:49:24",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "a957418fdcfd87d9a95b56de85d0e6e67fad50b33b765f5d523ec73d76e05782"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "hua-lin-corner",
     "type": "gate",
     "name": "Hua Lin Corner",
     "as": "The word."
    },
    {
     "from": "katam-corner",
     "type": "gate",
     "name": "Katam Corner",
     "as": "The word."
    },
    {
     "from": "ku-hueang-corner",
     "type": "gate",
     "name": "Ku Hueang Corner",
     "as": "The word."
    },
    {
     "from": "si-phum-corner",
     "type": "gate",
     "name": "Si Phum Corner",
     "as": "The word."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "chiang-mai-kam-mueang",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "เจียงใหม่ chiang mai",
    "th": "เจียงใหม่",
    "rtgs": "chiang mai"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "เจียง chiang — a Tai word for a walled settlement, in Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen, Chiang Tung (Kengtung); ใหม่ mai, new. In Kam Mueang the initial is unaspirated, /tɕ/, so the city is Jiang Mai in its own mouth.",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The name, in the northern voice. The unaspirated initial is the first thing a listener notices, and the first thing this site's Thai pages do."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "ชื่อเมือง ในเสียงเหนือ ตัว จ ที่บ่มีลมคือสิ่งแรกที่คนฟังสังเกต และสิ่งแรกที่หน้าไทยของเว็บนี้ทำ"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "เจียงใหม่",
    "rtgs": "chiang mai",
    "ipa": "/tɕiaŋ.màj/",
    "standard": "เชียงใหม่",
    "standard_rtgs": "chiang mai",
    "gloss": "Chiang Mai, as the city says its own name",
    "gloss_th": "เชียงใหม่ อย่างที่คนเมืองออกเสียง",
    "example": "เมืองเจียงใหม่",
    "example_gloss": "mueang chiang mai — the city",
    "tai_tham": "ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵",
    "tai_tham_source": "s:wp-tai-tham"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "wiang",
     "as": "What chiang means.",
     "rel": "word"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "chiang-mai-kam-mueang/chiang-mai-kam-mueang-chiangmai-view.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Chiangmai view.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Chiangmai_view.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiangmai_view.jpg",
     "license": "Public domain",
     "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain",
     "author": "Thaimissions2006 at English Wikipedia",
     "credit": "Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.",
     "alt": "View from Doi Suthep mountain over Chiang Mai city, northern Thailand",
     "date": "18 April 2007 (original upload date)",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "e5a6b14d0bfd38647b4894451c9767a91aeea9ee777e923cd1c4dee68226ba89"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": []
  },
  {
   "id": "hom",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "ฮ่อม hom",
    "th": "ฮ่อม",
    "rtgs": "hom"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "ฮ่อม hom — a Kam Mueang word with no Bangkok cognate in this sense; standard Thai borrows soi from the verb 'to slice' and trok from Khmer. Kam Mueang keeps initial /h/ where Bangkok has /r/ or nothing: ฮ่อม, ฮ้าน (shop, ร้าน), ฮัก (love, รัก).",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The Lanna word for an alley. Where a Bangkok address says soi, the old city said hom, and a few lanes still carry it in their names. This site uses it for the whole class of lanes between houses, which is where most of the city's road-kilometres are."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "คำเมืองสำหรับซอย ที่อยู่แบบกรุงเทพว่าซอย เวียงเก่าว่าฮ่อม และยังมีบางฮ่อมที่ชื่อติดอยู่ คำนี้ใช้บนเว็บนี้แทนตางแคบระหว่างบ้านทั้งหมด ซึ่งเป็นตี้กิโลเมตรถนนส่วนใหญ่ของเมืองอยู่"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "ฮ่อม",
    "rtgs": "hom",
    "ipa": "/hɔ̂ːm/",
    "standard": "ซอย · ตรอก",
    "standard_rtgs": "soi · trok",
    "gloss": "a narrow lane between houses",
    "gloss_th": "ทางแคบระหว่างบ้าน",
    "example": "ฮ่อมโพธิ์",
    "example_gloss": "Hom Pho — the Bodhi-tree lane; a lane name still on the map"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "hom-the-lane",
     "as": "The lanes themselves.",
     "rel": "lane"
    },
    {
     "to": "soi",
     "as": "The Bangkok word.",
     "rel": "word"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai",
    "s:thwp-soi"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "hom/hom-soi-in-chiang-mai.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Soi in Chiang Mai.JPG",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Soi_in_Chiang_Mai.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASoi_in_Chiang_Mai.JPG",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
     "author": "Adbar",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "A soi in Chiang Mai (Moonmuang Soi 9).",
     "date": "2013-04-27 16:39:05",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "c4c4603cbf6d8f910ace9172433ba8c66b6ed512e86884d89495017662253e5c"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "hom-the-lane",
     "type": "lane",
     "name": "The hom",
     "as": "The word."
    },
    {
     "from": "soi",
     "type": "word",
     "name": "ซอย soi",
     "as": "The northern word."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "kamphaeng",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "กำแพง kamphaeng",
    "th": "กำแพง",
    "rtgs": "kamphaeng"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "กำแพง kamphaeng ← Khmer កំពែង kampaeng. Kamphaeng Din, the earthen wall, is the outer one; the brick wall by the moat has no separate name because it is the wall.",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The wall. In Chiang Mai there are two, and only the earthen one gets a qualifier."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "กำแพง ในเชียงใหม่มีสองชั้น และมีแค่ชั้นดินที่ต้องบอกว่าดิน"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "กำแพง",
    "rtgs": "kamphaeng",
    "ipa": "/kam.pʰɛːŋ/",
    "standard": "กำแพง",
    "standard_rtgs": "kamphaeng",
    "gloss": "wall; city wall",
    "gloss_th": "กำแพงเมือง",
    "example": "กำแพงดิน",
    "example_gloss": "Kamphaeng Din — the earth wall"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "kamphaeng-din",
     "as": "The earthen one.",
     "rel": "place"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "kamphaeng/kamphaeng-201703291207c-chiang-mai-city-moat.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:201703291207c Chiang Mai, City Moat.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/201703291207c_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291207c_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
     "author": "Hartmann Linge",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "City moat of Chiang Mai between Hua Rin Corner and Chang Phuak Gate",
     "date": "2017-03-29 12:07:44",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "057be677edcb8975a7f791793a8dc56c5a47e26e07a1d367bd1e9ea14ab3a37a"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "kamphaeng-din",
     "type": "place",
     "name": "Kamphaeng Din, the earthen wall",
     "as": "The word."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "kat",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "กาด kat",
    "th": "กาด",
    "rtgs": "kat"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "กาด kat — Kam Mueang; standard Thai talat is from Khmer. Kad Luang, the great market, is Warorot; Kad Suan Kaew is a shopping mall on Huay Kaew Road that took the northern word for a modern thing.",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The word for a market, and the reason the biggest one in the city and a shopping mall both have kat in their names. Roads here are named after markets more than markets after roads."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "คำสำหรับตลาด และเหตุที่กาดใหญ่สุดของเมืองกับห้างสรรพสินค้ามีคำว่ากาดในชื่อทั้งคู่ ถนนที่นี่ตั้งชื่อตามกาดมากกว่ากาดตั้งตามถนน"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "กาด",
    "rtgs": "kat",
    "ipa": "/kàːt/",
    "standard": "ตลาด",
    "standard_rtgs": "talat",
    "gloss": "market",
    "gloss_th": "ตลาด",
    "example": "กาดหลวง",
    "example_gloss": "Kad Luang — the great market, Warorot"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "huay-kaew-road",
     "as": "Kad Suan Kaew is on it.",
     "rel": "road"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "kat/kat-waroros-market-chiang-mai.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Waroros Market, Chiang Mai.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Waroros_Market%2C_Chiang_Mai.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWaroros_Market%2C_Chiang_Mai.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
     "author": "Manop",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Waroros Market in Kad Luang, Chiang Mai City, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand\nตลาดวโรรส กาดหลวง อำเภอเมือง จังหวัดเชียงใหม่",
     "date": "",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "149ca6807777ef106cd26455282767b937a66ab14e39dea7e9b3031533964ea8"
    },
    {
     "file": "kat/kat-talat-warorot-chiang-mai-thailand-4245889349.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Talat Warorot, Chiang Mai, Thailand (4245889349).jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Talat_Warorot%2C_Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand_%284245889349%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ATalat_Warorot%2C_Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand_%284245889349%29.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY 2.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/",
     "author": "yeowatzup",
     "credit": "Talat Warorot, Chiang Mai, Thailand",
     "alt": "petsgoplaces.blogspot.com/",
     "date": "2009-12-31 15:41",
     "primary": false,
     "sha256": "be3381c72ba3b93b815094eecfcf4a1a92b5cfb6b417afa6e04039c346482d5f"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "chang-moi-road",
     "type": "road",
     "name": "Chang Moi Road",
     "as": "Kad Luang is at its end."
    },
    {
     "from": "huay-kaew-road",
     "type": "road",
     "name": "Huay Kaew Road",
     "as": "Kad Suan Kaew is on it."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "khu",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "คู khu",
    "th": "คู",
    "rtgs": "khu"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "คู khu — Tai root, a dug channel. Khu mueang, the city ditch, is the moat; the same word in Bangkok, but there is only one khu that matters here.",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The moat, and by extension the roads on its banks. 'Rop khu' is the loop.\n\nThe 1931 and 1945 city sheets both label it คูเวียง, khu wiang, the ditch of the walled town, rather than khu mueang. Two official maps fourteen years apart agree, and usage on the ground today has drifted to khu mueang."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "คูเมือง และโดยนัยคือถนนบนตลิ่งของมัน 'รอบคู' คือวงรอบ\n\nแผ่นเมืองปี 2474 และ 2488 กำกับมันว่า คูเวียง คูของเมืองมีกำแพง ไม่ใช่คูเมือง แผนที่ทางการสองแผ่นห่างกันสิบสี่ปีตรงกัน และการใช้บนพื้นที่ทุกวันนี้เคลื่อนไปเป็นคูเมือง"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "คู",
    "rtgs": "khu",
    "ipa": "/kʰuː/",
    "standard": "คูเมือง",
    "standard_rtgs": "khu mueang",
    "gloss": "moat; ditch",
    "gloss_th": "คูเมือง",
    "example": "รอบคูเมือง",
    "example_gloss": "rop khu mueang — around the moat; the ring road on its banks"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "moat-loop",
     "as": "The roads on it.",
     "rel": "ring"
    },
    {
     "to": "map-1931",
     "as": "Labels it khu wiang.",
     "rel": "map"
    },
    {
     "to": "map-1945",
     "as": "Labels it khu wiang.",
     "rel": "map"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai",
    "s:commons-map"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "khu/khu-201703291023a-chiang-mai-city-moat.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:201703291023a Chiang Mai, City Moat.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/201703291023a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A201703291023a_Chiang_Mai%2C_City_Moat.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
     "author": "Hartmann Linge",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "City moat of Chiang Mai between Chiang Mai Gate and Suan Prung Gate",
     "date": "2017-03-29 10:23:35",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "e1b6ba2efb374f3ac6864cdb555aec2c5b5a65005cb99057e4c925d67ba4ee00"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "map-1931",
     "type": "map",
     "name": "The 1931 city map",
     "as": "It labels the moat with this word."
    },
    {
     "from": "map-1945",
     "type": "map",
     "name": "The 1945 city map",
     "as": "It labels the moat with this word."
    },
    {
     "from": "the-moat",
     "type": "place",
     "name": "The moat",
     "as": "The word."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "khua",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "ขัว khua",
    "th": "ขัว",
    "rtgs": "khua"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "ขัว khua — Tai root, cognate with Lao ຂົວ khua and Shan; standard Thai saphan is from Khmer spean. Khua Lek, the Iron Bridge, keeps the northern word in a name everyone in the city uses.",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The Lanna word for a bridge, and the one the Iron Bridge is known by. A driver hears saphan on the signs and khua from the passengers.\n\nIt is in a gate name on the 1931 city map: ประตูขัวก้อม, Kua Kom Gate, the gate of the short bridge, on the outer wall's line southeast of the square. A Kam Mueang word for a bridge, printed on an official sheet, in 1931."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "คำเมืองสำหรับสะพาน และเป็นชื่อที่ขัวเหล็กถูกเรียก คนขับได้ยินคำว่าสะพานบนป้าย แต่ได้ยินขัวจากคนนั่ง\n\nมันอยู่ในชื่อประตูบนแผนที่เมืองปี 2474 ประตูขัวก้อม ประตูของขัวสั้น บนแนวกำแพงชั้นนอกทางตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ของสี่เหลี่ยม คำเมืองสำหรับสะพาน พิมพ์บนแผ่นทางการ ในปี 2474"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "ขัว",
    "rtgs": "khua",
    "ipa": "/kʰǔa/",
    "standard": "สะพาน",
    "standard_rtgs": "saphan",
    "gloss": "bridge",
    "gloss_th": "สะพาน",
    "example": "ขัวเหล็ก",
    "example_gloss": "Khua Lek — the Iron Bridge over the Ping"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "iron-bridge",
     "as": "The bridge everyone calls by this word.",
     "rel": "bridge"
    },
    {
     "to": "map-1931",
     "as": "Where the gate is named.",
     "rel": "map"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai",
    "s:commons-map"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "khua/khua-ping-river-in-chiang-mai-panoramio-erebusso-7.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Ping River in Chiang Mai - panoramio - Erebusso. (7).jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Ping_River_in_Chiang_Mai_-_panoramio_-_Erebusso._%287%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APing_River_in_Chiang_Mai_-_panoramio_-_Erebusso._%287%29.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
     "author": "Erebusso.",
     "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161015061345/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/32519486",
     "alt": "Ping River in Chiang Mai with Khua Lek (Iron Bridge) and Diamond Riverside Hotel.",
     "date": "Taken on 4 December 2009",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "f67deb8164818d873c5945dad0a8667744f40ac6e43eea7cb440e0c6e92aa962"
    },
    {
     "file": "khua/khua-phap-mueang-thai-1943-p-061.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Phap Mueang Thai (1943, p 061).jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Phap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_061%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APhap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_061%29.jpg",
     "license": "Public domain",
     "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain",
     "author": "Office of the Prime Minister",
     "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file",
     "alt": "This picture is described as follows:\nOriginal caption: \"A bridge over the Wang River, Lampang.\"\nUploader's caption: Perhaps referring to Ratsadaphisek Bridge.",
     "date": "1943-07-14",
     "primary": false,
     "sha256": "e8bf157cf8b45d342c5c12ace595d092b52053611a7a24a857da47a4a6b180a7"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "iron-bridge",
     "type": "bridge",
     "name": "Khua Lek, the Iron Bridge",
     "as": "The word."
    },
    {
     "from": "nawarat-bridge",
     "type": "bridge",
     "name": "Nawarat Bridge",
     "as": "The word."
    },
    {
     "from": "map-1931",
     "type": "map",
     "name": "The 1931 city map",
     "as": "Kua Kom Gate is on it."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "lot",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "ลอด lot",
    "th": "ลอด",
    "rtgs": "lot"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "ลอด lot — to pass beneath. The highway department's word for what it built at every junction of the middle ring: thang lot, the way under. Newspapers say umong, tunnel, for the same thing.",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The underpass. Chiang Mai chose to go under its junctions rather than over them, seven times on the middle ring alone, and the word is on every green sign."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "ทางลอด เชียงใหม่เลือกลอดใต้แยกแทนข้าม บนวงแหวนรอบกลางวงเดียวเจ็ดครั้ง และคำนี้อยู่บนป้ายเขียวทุกป้าย"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "ลอด",
    "rtgs": "lot",
    "ipa": "/lɔ̂ːt/",
    "standard": "ทางลอด · อุโมงค์",
    "standard_rtgs": "thang lot · umong",
    "gloss": "to pass under; an underpass",
    "gloss_th": "ลอดใต้ ทางลอด",
    "example": "ทางลอดข่วงสิงห์",
    "example_gloss": "thang lot Khuang Sing — the underpass at the northern gate of the Superhighway"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "ring-2",
     "as": "Seven of them.",
     "rel": "ring"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "lot/lot-chiang-mai-thailand-speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Chiang-Mai Thailand Speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang-Mai_Thailand_Speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
     "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Chiang Mai, Thailand: Railway water tank of Chiang Mai Railway Station",
     "date": "2017-04-17",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "8b6e7cd0877e325f6c3b36d14a0025e7683b003adc7ee6e8488a949178873ecd"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "ring-2",
     "type": "ring",
     "name": "Ring 2, the 700 Years Road",
     "as": "The word on the signs."
    },
    {
     "from": "khuang-sing-underpass",
     "type": "junction",
     "name": "Khuang Sing underpass",
     "as": "The word."
    },
    {
     "from": "ring-2-underpasses",
     "type": "junction",
     "name": "The seven underpasses of the middle ring",
     "as": "The word."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "pratu",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "ประตู pratu",
    "th": "ประตู",
    "rtgs": "pratu"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "ประตู pratu ← Khmer ទ្វារ / Sanskrit dvāra by way of Khmer pratu; the same word in both registers, but in Chiang Mai it means one of five specific places before it means a door.",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "Shared with standard Thai, but in this city 'pratu' is a place name first: five gates, and everyone knows which one you mean."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "ใช้ร่วมกับภาษากลาง แต่ในเมืองนี้ ประตูเป็นชื่อสถานที่ก่อน ห้าประตู และใผ ๆ ก็ฮู้ว่าหมายเถิงอันไหน"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "ประตู",
    "rtgs": "pratu",
    "ipa": "/pa.tǔː/",
    "standard": "ประตู",
    "standard_rtgs": "pratu",
    "gloss": "gate; city gate",
    "gloss_th": "ประตูเมือง",
    "example": "ประตูท่าแพ",
    "example_gloss": "Pratu Tha Phae — the east gate"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "tha-phae-gate",
     "as": "The one everyone means.",
     "rel": "gate"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "pratu/pratu-chiangmai-thaphae-gate.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Chiangmai Thaphae Gate.JPG",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Chiangmai_Thaphae_Gate.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiangmai_Thaphae_Gate.JPG",
     "license": "Public domain",
     "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain",
     "author": "Rinto Jiang",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Tha Phae Gate of Chiang Mai",
     "date": "2007-01-25",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "0750696de839a70c5591b041a9e77e6cb770f3c813690571c543f54b10e0e526"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": []
  },
  {
   "id": "rot-daeng",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "รถแดง rot daeng",
    "th": "รถแดง",
    "rtgs": "rot daeng"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "รถ rot, vehicle ← Sanskrit ratha, chariot + แดง daeng, red. Elsewhere in Thailand a songthaew, two rows, for the benches in the back. Here the colour is the name.",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The red pickup with two benches that is the city's bus, taxi and school run. It has no route, only a direction and a fare, which is why it is on a site about roads: it is how most of them are used."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "รถกระบะแดงมีม้านั่งสองแถวที่เป็นรถเมล์ แท็กซี่ และรถรับส่งนักเรียนของเมือง มันบ่มีเส้นทาง มีแต่ทิศกับค่าโดยสาร นี่คือเหตุที่มันอยู่บนเว็บเรื่องถนน มันคือวิธีที่ถนนส่วนใหญ่ถูกใช้"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "รถแดง",
    "rtgs": "rot daeng",
    "ipa": "/rót.dɛːŋ/",
    "standard": "รถสองแถว",
    "standard_rtgs": "rot song thaeo",
    "gloss": "the red truck; Chiang Mai's shared taxi",
    "gloss_th": "รถสองแถวแดงของเชียงใหม่",
    "example": "ขึ้นรถแดง",
    "example_gloss": "khuen rot daeng — get in a red truck"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "songthaew-count",
     "as": "How many, counted.",
     "rel": "traffic"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai",
    "s:wp-songthaew"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "rot-daeng/rot-daeng-red-car-chiang-mai-4.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Red Car Chiang Mai (4).jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Red_Car_Chiang_Mai_%284%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARed_Car_Chiang_Mai_%284%29.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
     "author": "Patiparn.Nice2002bkk",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Red Car Chiang Mai",
     "date": "2022-04-10 16:40:14",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "1fe3219e3e5e9a89b5bb7fbb29ca4df3f170727a127c2a5ae118d55b87c3246d"
    },
    {
     "file": "rot-daeng/rot-daeng-rot-daeng-in-downtown-chiang-mai.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Rot Daeng in downtown Chiang Mai.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Rot_Daeng_in_downtown_Chiang_Mai.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARot_Daeng_in_downtown_Chiang_Mai.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY 3.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/",
     "author": "Manop",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "การจราจรในเมืองเชียงใหม่",
     "date": "2008-07-26",
     "primary": false,
     "sha256": "d3d47acacf7bf6839d4866c7146473d458262d4772c1469189187dbde807adfd"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "motorcycle-share",
     "type": "traffic",
     "name": "The motorcycle, counted and not counted",
     "as": "The other vehicle."
    },
    {
     "from": "songthaew-count",
     "type": "traffic",
     "name": "The red trucks, counted",
     "as": "The word."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "soi",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "ซอย soi",
    "th": "ซอย",
    "rtgs": "soi"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "ซอย soi — from the verb to slice or cut into strips; a soi is a cut off a main road. Numbered along the road, even numbers on one side and odd on the other; a trok is the level below. Named sois often carry a landowner's name.",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The Bangkok word and the postal one. Every lane on the map that has a number has it because of this system; the ones that have a name instead are older or prouder."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "คำกรุงเทพและคำไปรษณีย์ ทุกซอยบนแผนที่ที่มีเลขมีเพราะระบบนี้ ซอยที่มีชื่อแทนเลขนั้นเก่ากว่าหรือหยิ่งกว่า"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "ซอย",
    "rtgs": "soi",
    "ipa": "/sɔːj/",
    "standard": "ซอย",
    "standard_rtgs": "soi",
    "gloss": "a side street off a main road, numbered along it",
    "gloss_th": "ซอยแยกจากถนนหลัก",
    "example": "ซอยนิมมานเหมินท์ 1",
    "example_gloss": "Soi Nimmanhaemin 1 — the first cut off Nimman"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "hom",
     "as": "The northern word.",
     "rel": "word"
    },
    {
     "to": "soi-numbering",
     "as": "How the numbers work.",
     "rel": "lane"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai",
    "s:thwp-soi"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "soi/soi-ban-nanuea-soi-2-street-01.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Ban Nanuea Soi 2 (street) 01.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Ban_Nanuea_Soi_2_%28street%29_01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABan_Nanuea_Soi_2_%28street%29_01.jpg",
     "license": "CC0 1.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
     "author": "This is Arthur Morganar (RDR2-THR)",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Ban Nanuea Soi 2 This is the local street from Thailand. IMG20240923183042.",
     "date": "2024-09-23 18:30:39",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "0fe7e8fd32271e4c14a70cad985fc90cc5e9f49253aba49e0ebfb1512b711b9b"
    },
    {
     "file": "soi/soi-chiang-mai-moonmuang-road-soi-7-0001.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Chiang Mai - Moonmuang Road Soi 7 - 0001.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Chiang_Mai_-_Moonmuang_Road_Soi_7_-_0001.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_-_Moonmuang_Road_Soi_7_-_0001.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
     "author": "Stefan Fussan",
     "credit": "Own work - My images are also available on MyPortfolio",
     "alt": "Moonmuang Road Soi 7, Chiang Mai, Thailand",
     "date": "2014-05-23",
     "primary": false,
     "sha256": "187d85f46fa7500f9204abb98ea32217e82965d800fb428108e2c950da0fddf0"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "soi-numbering",
     "type": "lane",
     "name": "How a soi gets its number",
     "as": "The word."
    },
    {
     "from": "soi-count",
     "type": "measure",
     "name": "Sois, counted by name",
     "as": "The word."
    },
    {
     "from": "hom",
     "type": "word",
     "name": "ฮ่อม hom",
     "as": "The Bangkok word."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "thang",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "ทาง thang",
    "th": "ทาง",
    "rtgs": "thang"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "ทาง thang — Tai root. Thang luang, the royal way, is a national highway; thang lot, the way under, is an underpass; thang khuen doi, the way up the mountain.",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The general word for a way, which the highway department uses for everything it builds: thang luang for a national highway, thang lot for an underpass, thang yok radap for an elevated road."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "คำทั่วไปสำหรับทาง ซึ่งกรมทางหลวงใช้เรียกทุกอย่างที่สร้าง ทางหลวง ทางลอด ทางยกระดับ"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "ทาง",
    "rtgs": "thang",
    "ipa": "/tʰaːŋ/",
    "standard": "ทาง",
    "standard_rtgs": "thang",
    "gloss": "way, path, direction; in compounds, a road of a certain kind",
    "gloss_th": "ทาง ทิศทาง",
    "example": "ทางลอด",
    "example_gloss": "thang lot — an underpass"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "thanon",
     "as": "The other word.",
     "rel": "word"
    },
    {
     "to": "khuang-sing-underpass",
     "as": "A thang lot.",
     "rel": "junction"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "thang/thang-chiang-mai-thailand-speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Chiang-Mai Thailand Speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang-Mai_Thailand_Speed-limit-road-sign-01.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
     "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Chiang Mai, Thailand: Railway water tank of Chiang Mai Railway Station",
     "date": "2017-04-17",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "8b6e7cd0877e325f6c3b36d14a0025e7683b003adc7ee6e8488a949178873ecd"
    },
    {
     "file": "thang/thang-thailand-traffic-signs-working-sites-03.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Thailand Traffic-signs Working-sites-03.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Thailand_Traffic-signs_Working-sites-03.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AThailand_Traffic-signs_Working-sites-03.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
     "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Traffic signs in Thailand: Working site (Photo taken at Chiang Mai University)",
     "date": "2017-04-19",
     "primary": false,
     "sha256": "6e8dcf0ec322e1971bc329ce0fbaf7c6e6933bbf93c21715f3d9f10c306d2451"
    },
    {
     "file": "thang/thang-pearl-of-asia-1892-p-339.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Pearl of Asia (1892, p 339).jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Pearl_of_Asia_%281892%2C_p_339%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APearl_of_Asia_%281892%2C_p_339%29.jpg",
     "license": "Public domain",
     "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain",
     "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author",
     "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file",
     "alt": "* Original caption: Native bullock carts & ox yokes.\nUploader's caption: Ra-thae (Thai: ระแทะ), a traditional vehicle of Thailand.",
     "date": "1892",
     "primary": false,
     "sha256": "d979fdd89aea00765fd764b70c2b80aa70466964b3ec846a70f325f3bc75c51c"
    },
    {
     "file": "thang/thang-phap-mueang-thai-1943-p-028.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Phap Mueang Thai (1943, p 028).jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Phap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_028%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APhap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_028%29.jpg",
     "license": "Public domain",
     "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain",
     "author": "Office of the Prime Minister",
     "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file",
     "alt": "This picture is described as follows:\nOriginal caption: \"The use of elephants as vehicles for conveyance of military supplies and weaponry.\"",
     "date": "1943-07-14",
     "primary": false,
     "sha256": "40addec813939fc6546d471c7bdf02f569d7048e282ae21981569ed2cca59df8"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "thanon",
     "type": "word",
     "name": "ถนน thanon",
     "as": "The other word."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "thanon",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "ถนน thanon",
    "th": "ถนน",
    "rtgs": "thanon"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "ถนน thanon ← Khmer ថ្នល់ thnal, a raised road. The word for a made road, as against thang, a way.",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The standard word, used in both registers. A thanon is built; a thang is only gone along."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "คำมาตรฐาน ใช้ทั้งสองสำเนียง ถนนคือสิ่งที่ถูกสร้าง ทางคือสิ่งที่แค่เดินไป"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "ถนน",
    "rtgs": "thanon",
    "ipa": "/tʰa.nǒn/",
    "standard": "ถนน",
    "standard_rtgs": "thanon",
    "gloss": "road, street",
    "gloss_th": "ถนน",
    "example": "ถนนท่าแพ",
    "example_gloss": "Thanon Tha Phae — Tha Phae Road"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "thang",
     "as": "The other word.",
     "rel": "word"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "thanon/thanon-charoen-rajd-road-in-chiang-mai-1.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Charoen Rajd Road in Chiang Mai 1.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Charoen_Rajd_Road_in_Chiang_Mai_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACharoen_Rajd_Road_in_Chiang_Mai_1.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
     "author": "Christophe95",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Charoen Rajd Road in Chiang Mai.",
     "date": "2018-09-06 15:25:11",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "ab6391f0899224cc034c2b62da745bc71d1b7671139151a82f1c9a87bb3f3e1d"
    },
    {
     "file": "thanon/thanon-chiang-mai-chayiaphoom-road-0001.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Chiang Mai - Chayiaphoom Road - 0001.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Chiang_Mai_-_Chayiaphoom_Road_-_0001.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang_Mai_-_Chayiaphoom_Road_-_0001.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
     "author": "Stefan Fussan",
     "credit": "Own work - My images are also available on MyPortfolio",
     "alt": "Chayiaphoom Road, Chiang Mai, Thailand",
     "date": "2014-05-23",
     "primary": false,
     "sha256": "da8f36cac4d4a928fc864b1ea99759bb54cef50768030f6bcdee45d94a3a84b7"
    },
    {
     "file": "thanon/thanon-charoen-krung-road.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Charoen Krung Road.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Charoen_Krung_Road.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACharoen_Krung_Road.jpg",
     "license": "Public domain",
     "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain",
     "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author",
     "credit": "ดำรงราชานุภาพ, สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระยา. (๒๕๓๐). ความทรงจำของสมเด็จฯ กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ. กรุงเทพฯ: อมรินทร์ พริ้นติ้ง กรุ๊พ. (มูลนิธิสมเด็จฯ กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ และหม่อมเจ้าจงจิตรถนอม ดิศ",
     "alt": "Charoen Krung Road, taken in the reign of Chulalongkorn (reigned 1868–1910)",
     "date": "before 1910date QS:P,+1910-00-00T00:00:0",
     "primary": false,
     "sha256": "40f4a15b480c98959736223f3acd87e06db5aa8109d6444fe640bc8c395b63ed"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "map-1945",
     "type": "map",
     "name": "The 1945 city map",
     "as": "Its glossary defines it."
    },
    {
     "from": "thang",
     "type": "word",
     "name": "ทาง thang",
     "as": "The other word."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "wiang",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "เวียง wiang",
    "th": "เวียง",
    "rtgs": "wiang"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "เวียง wiang — Tai root shared with Lao ວຽງ (Vientiane is Wiang Chan). Mueang is the polity; wiang is the fortified place inside it. 'Nai wiang', inside the wiang, is how the old city is said.",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The word for the walled city, and the word this site uses for the square inside the moat. The rest of Chiang Mai is mueang; the square is wiang.\n\nThe 1945 city sheet labels the water KHU WIANG (Moat) on all four sides, which is this word doing its work on an official map: the square is the wiang, and the ditch belongs to it."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "คำสำหรับเมืองมีกำแพง และเป็นคำที่เว็บนี้ใช้เรียกสี่เหลี่ยมในคู เชียงใหม่ที่เหลือคือเมือง สี่เหลี่ยมคือเวียง\n\nแผ่นเมืองปี 2488 กำกับน้ำว่า KHU WIANG (Moat) ทั้งสี่ด้าน ซึ่งเป็นคำนี้ทำงานอยู่บนแผนที่ทางการ สี่เหลี่ยมคือเวียง และคูเป็นของมัน"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "เวียง",
    "rtgs": "wiang",
    "ipa": "/wiaŋ/",
    "standard": "เมือง (ที่มีกำแพง)",
    "standard_rtgs": "mueang",
    "gloss": "a walled town; the old city inside the moat",
    "gloss_th": "เมืองมีกำแพง เวียงในคู",
    "example": "ในเวียง",
    "example_gloss": "nai wiang — inside the walls"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "the-moat",
     "as": "What surrounds it.",
     "rel": "place"
    },
    {
     "to": "map-1945",
     "as": "Where it is written.",
     "rel": "map"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai",
    "s:commons-map"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "wiang/wiang-chiangmai-thaphae-gate.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Chiangmai Thaphae Gate.JPG",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Chiangmai_Thaphae_Gate.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiangmai_Thaphae_Gate.JPG",
     "license": "Public domain",
     "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain",
     "author": "Rinto Jiang",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Tha Phae Gate of Chiang Mai",
     "date": "2007-01-25",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "0750696de839a70c5591b041a9e77e6cb770f3c813690571c543f54b10e0e526"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "map-1945",
     "type": "map",
     "name": "The 1945 city map",
     "as": "And with this one."
    },
    {
     "from": "chiang-mai-kam-mueang",
     "type": "word",
     "name": "เจียงใหม่ chiang mai",
     "as": "What chiang means."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "yaek",
   "type": "word",
   "names": {
    "name": "แยก yaek",
    "th": "แยก",
    "rtgs": "yaek"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "etymology": {
    "root": "แยก yaek — to separate. Si yaek is a crossroads, sam yaek a T. A junction is named after what stands beside it: Yaek Rincome after a hotel that closed, Yaek Sanam Bin after the airport.",
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The junction. Chiang Mai directions run from yaek to yaek, and the names outlive the buildings."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "ทางแยก การบอกทางในเชียงใหม่วิ่งจากแยกถึงแยก และชื่อแยกอยู่นานกว่าตึก"
   },
   "word": {
    "th": "แยก",
    "rtgs": "yaek",
    "ipa": "/jɛ̂ːk/",
    "standard": "ทางแยก",
    "standard_rtgs": "thang yaek",
    "gloss": "a junction; to branch",
    "gloss_th": "ทางแยก",
    "example": "แยกรินคำ",
    "example_gloss": "Yaek Rincome — the junction named for a hotel that is gone"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "rincome-junction",
     "as": "The one named for a vanished hotel.",
     "rel": "junction"
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
    "s:wp-northern-thai"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "tradition",
     "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "schema": 1,
   "updated": "2026-09-21",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "yaek/yaek-intravarorot-road-sign.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Intravarorot road sign.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Intravarorot_road_sign.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AIntravarorot_road_sign.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
     "author": "Chainwit.",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Decorated Intravarorot road sign in Chiang Mai, Thailand",
     "date": "2017-10-15 09:54:38",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "77a60801b930b67284f930b989e6ad863757f5d986cf9552fea22f4c2d0bedfa"
    },
    {
     "file": "yaek/yaek-chiang-mai-thailand-prohibitory-road-sign-01.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Chiang-Mai Thailand Prohibitory-road-sign-01.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Prohibitory-road-sign-01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChiang-Mai_Thailand_Prohibitory-road-sign-01.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
     "author": "CEphoto, Uwe Aranas",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Chiang Mai, Thailand: A prohibitory road sign at Chiang Mai University",
     "date": "2017-04-19",
     "primary": false,
     "sha256": "5ab88e937da097d9c634e8762f48dc0d67bc59e441f5001a192a89995cd454d5"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "rincome-junction",
     "type": "junction",
     "name": "Rincome junction",
     "as": "The word, with this as the example."
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}