{
 "id": "khua",
 "type": "word",
 "names": {
  "name": "ขัว khua",
  "th": "ขัว",
  "rtgs": "khua"
 },
 "region": [
  "lanna"
 ],
 "etymology": {
  "root": "ขัว khua — Tai root, cognate with Lao ຂົວ khua and Shan; standard Thai saphan is from Khmer spean. Khua Lek, the Iron Bridge, keeps the northern word in a name everyone in the city uses.",
  "tier": "tradition"
 },
 "text": {
  "what": "The Lanna word for a bridge, and the one the Iron Bridge is known by. A driver hears saphan on the signs and khua from the passengers.\n\nIt is in a gate name on the 1931 city map: ประตูขัวก้อม, Kua Kom Gate, the gate of the short bridge, on the outer wall's line southeast of the square. A Kam Mueang word for a bridge, printed on an official sheet, in 1931."
 },
 "text_th": {
  "what": "คำเมืองสำหรับสะพาน และเป็นชื่อที่ขัวเหล็กถูกเรียก คนขับได้ยินคำว่าสะพานบนป้าย แต่ได้ยินขัวจากคนนั่ง\n\nมันอยู่ในชื่อประตูบนแผนที่เมืองปี 2474 ประตูขัวก้อม ประตูของขัวสั้น บนแนวกำแพงชั้นนอกทางตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ของสี่เหลี่ยม คำเมืองสำหรับสะพาน พิมพ์บนแผ่นทางการ ในปี 2474"
 },
 "word": {
  "th": "ขัว",
  "rtgs": "khua",
  "ipa": "/kʰǔa/",
  "standard": "สะพาน",
  "standard_rtgs": "saphan",
  "gloss": "bridge",
  "gloss_th": "สะพาน",
  "example": "ขัวเหล็ก",
  "example_gloss": "Khua Lek — the Iron Bridge over the Ping"
 },
 "kin": [
  {
   "to": "iron-bridge",
   "as": "The bridge everyone calls by this word.",
   "rel": "bridge"
  },
  {
   "to": "map-1931",
   "as": "Where the gate is named.",
   "rel": "map"
  }
 ],
 "tags": [
  "lanna"
 ],
 "sources": [
  "s:moradok-lanna-dict",
  "s:wp-northern-thai",
  "s:commons-map"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "tradition",
   "source": "s:moradok-lanna-dict"
  },
  "fields": {
   "text_th": {
    "tier": "inference",
    "note": "written in Thai by this project, in the northern register where it fits; not machine-translated"
   }
  }
 },
 "confidence": "medium",
 "schema": 1,
 "updated": "2026-09-21",
 "images": [
  {
   "file": "khua/khua-ping-river-in-chiang-mai-panoramio-erebusso-7.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Ping River in Chiang Mai - panoramio - Erebusso. (7).jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Ping_River_in_Chiang_Mai_-_panoramio_-_Erebusso._%287%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APing_River_in_Chiang_Mai_-_panoramio_-_Erebusso._%287%29.jpg",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
   "author": "Erebusso.",
   "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161015061345/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/32519486",
   "alt": "Ping River in Chiang Mai with Khua Lek (Iron Bridge) and Diamond Riverside Hotel.",
   "date": "Taken on 4 December 2009",
   "primary": true,
   "sha256": "f67deb8164818d873c5945dad0a8667744f40ac6e43eea7cb440e0c6e92aa962"
  },
  {
   "file": "khua/khua-phap-mueang-thai-1943-p-061.jpg",
   "source": "commons",
   "title": "File:Phap Mueang Thai (1943, p 061).jpg",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Phap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_061%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APhap_Mueang_Thai_%281943%2C_p_061%29.jpg",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain",
   "author": "Office of the Prime Minister",
   "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file",
   "alt": "This picture is described as follows:\nOriginal caption: \"A bridge over the Wang River, Lampang.\"\nUploader's caption: Perhaps referring to Ratsadaphisek Bridge.",
   "date": "1943-07-14",
   "primary": false,
   "sha256": "e8bf157cf8b45d342c5c12ace595d092b52053611a7a24a857da47a4a6b180a7"
  }
 ],
 "kin_in": [
  {
   "from": "iron-bridge",
   "type": "bridge",
   "name": "Khua Lek, the Iron Bridge",
   "as": "The word."
  },
  {
   "from": "nawarat-bridge",
   "type": "bridge",
   "name": "Nawarat Bridge",
   "as": "The word."
  },
  {
   "from": "map-1931",
   "type": "map",
   "name": "The 1931 city map",
   "as": "Kua Kom Gate is on it."
  }
 ]
}